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doi:10.1016/j.geoforum.2009.03.009 =

=E2=80=9CTransgenic = treadmill=E2=80=9D: Responses to the emergence and spread of = glyphosate-resistant=20 johnsongrass in Argentina

Rosa Binimelis^a^,=20 ^,, Walter Pengue^b=20 and Iliana Monterroso^c

^aInstitute of Environmental Science and = Technology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra = (Barcelona),=20 Spain

^bGrupo de Ecolog=C3=ADa del Paisaje y = Medio Ambiente,=20 Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina

^c=C3=81rea de Medio Ambiente, Recursos = Naturales y=20 Desarrollo Rural, FLACSO, Guatemala

Received 10 January 2008;

revised 20 March 2009.

Available online 28 April 2009.

Abstract

The broad-spectrum herbicide glyphosate has become the = largest-selling=20 crop-protection product worldwide. The increased use of glyphosate is = associated=20 with the appearance of a growing number of tolerant or resistant weeds, = with=20 socio-environmental consequences apart from the loss of productivity. In = 2002, a=20 glyphosate-resistant biotype of johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense = (L.))=20 appeared in Argentina and now covers at least 10,000 ha. This paper = analyzes the driving forces behind the emergence and spread of this weed = and=20 also examines management responses and their implications.

Preventive strategies against glyphosate-resistant johnsongrass fail = because=20 of the institutional setting. Reactive measures, however, transfer the = risks to=20 the society and the environment through the introduction of novel = genetically=20 modified crops that allow the use of yet more herbicide. This in turn = reinforces=20 the emergence of herbicide-resistant weeds, constituting a new = phenomenon of=20 intensification, the =E2=80=9Ctransgenic treadmill=E2=80=9D.

Keywords: Argentina; Economics of bioinvasions; = Genetically=20 modified soybean; Glyphosate-resistant weeds; Herbicide treadmill; Sorghum halepense; Transgenic treadmill

Article Outline

1. Introduction
2. Methods
3. The=20 Argentinean GR soybean system 3.1. Production=20 system and technological applications 3.2. The=20 institutional setting 3.3. The=20 new social organization of space 3.4. Future=20 scenarios of the production system
4. =E2=80=9CWith=20 the GR soybean we arrived in paradise=E2=80=A6 but it was so = short-lived=E2=80=A6=E2=80=9D: the=20 emergence, impacts and responses to GR johnsongrass 4.1. Environmental=20 history of johnsongrass management in Argentina 4.2. The=20 emergence of GR johnsongrass biotypes in Argentina 4.3. Potential=20 impacts associated with GR johnsongrass 4.4. Management=20 responses to GR johnsongrass 4.5. Enhancing=20 the market: new developments in the GM scene
5. Discussion=20 and concluding remarks
Acknowledgements=
References

1. Introduction

The use of the broad-spectrum = herbicide=20 glyphosate began in the 1970s. Since then it has grown steadily to = become the=20 largest-selling single crop-protection product worldwide. Over the last = years,=20 several factors have contributed to the increased agricultural use of=20 glyphosate: price reductions, an increase in supply associated with = patent=20 expiration, further implementation of minimum and non-tillage = practices,¹and=20 the adoption of genetically modified (GM) glyphosate-resistant (GR) = cultivars=20 (Woodburn,=20 2000).

The increased use of glyphosate has led to the appearance of tolerant = or=20 resistant weeds which, in turn, implies environmental and monetary costs = beside=20 productivity losses (Service,=20 2007). Although glyphosate was initially considered a low-risk for = the=20 development of herbicide-resistance by industrial scientists (Bradshaw=20 et al., 1997), the first records of GR-weeds date from 1996 in = Australia.=20 Currently, 14 GR weeds have been documented worldwide ([Heap,=20 2007], [Valverde,=20 2007] and [Powles,=20 2008]). This article deals with a highly invasive weed called = johnsongrass.=20 Several cases of GR johnsongrass have appeared in Argentina while two = others=20 have been reported by the University of Arkansas, the Mississippi State=20 University and Monsanto in the USA (Monsanto,=20 2008). In Argentina, additionally, some common weeds such as = Parietaria=20 debilis, Petunia axilaris, Verbena litoralis, = Verbena=20 bonariensis, Hybanthus parviflorus, Iresine diffusa,=20 Commelina erecta and Ipomoea sp. have been reported to be=20 glyphosate-tolerant (Papa,=20 2000).

The appearance of herbicide-resistant weeds associated with an = increased=20 consumption of glyphosate by GR cropping systems has become one of the = main=20 ecological risks when releasing GMOs to the environment ([Altieri,=20 2005], [Barton=20 and Dracup, 2000], [Ervin=20 et al., 2003], [Mart=C3=ADnez-Ghersa= =20 et al., 2003], [McAfee,=20 2003], [Powles,=20 2003], [Snow=20 et al., 2005] and [Steinbrecher,=20 2001]). Until today, those documented cases have been solely = assessed from=20 an agronomic perspective rather than accounting for a broader context = ([Beckie,=20 2006], [Duke=20 and Powles, 2008] and [Powles,=20 2008]). In this paper we will review and discuss the emergence of GR = johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense (L.)) biotypes in Argentina and = their=20 associated management strategies by means of analysing the political, = economic=20 and institutional driving forces leading to this phenomenon. We also = devote part=20 of the paper to analysing the consequences for rural dynamics.

In Argentina, over 16 million hectares are dedicated to GM=20 glyphosate-resistant soybean production. Johnsongrass is a cosmopolitan=20 perennial grass native to the Mediterranean region, and considered as = one of the=20 10 worst weeds in the world (FAO,=20 2007). It was introduced in Argentina in the beginning of the 20th = century=20 as forage but by 1936 it was already banned for agricultural purposes. = However,=20 due to its highly invasive nature, it continued spreading and became a = key=20 restrictive factor for agricultural production. The technological = package=20 associated with Roundup Ready soybeans was believed to control the pest = by the=20 mid 1990s. However, Monsanto=E2=80=99s technicians just recently = reported a GR=20 johnsongrass biotype (Heap,=20 2007). Although the first plots with GR johnsongrass appeared in the = north=20 of Argentina only in 2002, it can now be found practically in every = agricultural=20 region of the country.

The appearance of GR johnsongrass can be linked to some of the main = risk=20 factors associated to the evolution of herbicide-resistant weeds = discussed in=20 the weed-resistant management literature. Some of these risks arise from = the=20 frequent application of highly effective herbicides, such as glyphosate, = in=20 intensive low-diversity cropping systems, and the presence of annual = weed=20 species occurring at high population densities and characterised by a = wide=20 distribution, large genetic variability, prolific seed production and = efficient=20 dissemination ([Powles,=20 2003] and [Beckie,=20 2006]).

We argue that the political economy of agrarian modernization and=20 biotechnology, and the economics of bioinvasions can offer additional = insights=20 for understanding the mechanisms of herbicide-resistant weed=E2=80=99s = appearance and=20 spread. Agricultural biotechnology has posed new and cumulative = challenges to=20 the future of rural spaces ([Bridge=20 et al., 2003], [Gibbs=20 et al., 2008] and [Marsden,=20 2008]). Controversies regarding GMOs reflect a clash between = agricultural=20 paradigms and development alternatives ([Altieri,=20 2005], [Binimelis,=20 2008], [Levidow=20 and Boschert, 2008], [Herrick,=20 2005], [Lyons=20 and Lawrence, 1999], [Lyson,=20 2002], [Marsden,=20 2008], [McAfee,=20 2003], [McAfee,=20 2008] and [Verhoog,=20 2007]). These controversies intensify previous differences dating at = least=20 to the Green Revolution and its social and environmental consequences = ([Buttel=20 and Barker, 1985] and [Buttel=20 et al., 1985]).

The literature indicates that the diffusion of GM technology took = place under=20 the three neo-liberal pillars of privatization, commoditisation and = deregulation=20 ([Kloppenburg,=20 1988], [Lyson,=20 2002], [McAfee,=20 2003], [Roff,=20 2008] and [Salleh,=20 2006]). As we will argue later on this paper, GM techniques became = the=20 cornerstone for the development of the agro-industrial model that = dominates=20 Argentinean agriculture. The use of glyphosate allowed the use of = non-tillage=20 practices, in which the crop is sown over the stubble of the former = crop,=20 facilitating erosion reduction and higher production under continuous=20 agriculture. In this way, biotechnology provided a tool for dealing with = technical problems arising from large-scale intensive-capital = monoculture (e.g.=20 weed management) (Marsden,=20 2008). This has fuelled the expansion, integration and = internationalization=20 of soybean production and commercialisation, which are main aspects of = the=20 Argentinean agrarian model, to the detriment of other alternatives (Pengue,=20 2005). It was during the recent soybean export-tax conflict in = Argentina in=20 2008 that the clash between viewpoints regarding the country=E2=80=99s = relative position=20 in the world=E2=80=99s economy and its bet for trade liberalisation and = export=20 competition became more evident. The decline in the price of soybeans in = late=20 2008 because of the world economic crisis will presumably lead to a = questioning=20 of the model of export-led growth.

In general, the neo-liberal approach to agriculture relies on a faith = in=20 nominally =E2=80=9Cfree=E2=80=9D markets to determine agrarian dynamics. = An essential feature of=20 this policy prescription is devolution of decisions to the individual = sphere ([Binimelis,=20 2008], [Cocklin=20 et al., 2008] and [Devos=20 et al., 2008]), and by setting self-interested free choice as the = only way=20 of safeguarding rights and liberties (Roff,=20 2008). The same reasoning operates regarding weed management = resistance.=20 However, the social consequences from the application of this approach = to weed=20 resistance management have been largely under-explored. Two approaches = represent=20 the different attitudes for managing weed resistance (Mueller=20 et al., 2005). These two strategies are also known as mitigation and = adaptation, respectively (Perrings,=20 2005). The first one is identified with proactive or preventive = management,=20 and includes identifying major pathways and changing environmental = conditions to=20 reduce the likelihood of future resistance, e.g. diversifying the = agroecosystem,=20 rotating crops and/or herbicides with different sites of action, or = including=20 integrated weed management strategies. The other approach is known as = reactive=20 management, and implies actions which aim at reducing resistance costs = by=20 changing the herbicide when it no longer works.

As a result, there is a policy dilemma about which approach to choose = for=20 managing weed resistance. The choice depends on the stage of the process = when=20 the decision is being made but also on the predictability of the = resistance and=20 society=E2=80=99s attitude towards uncertainty. Although a preventive = strategy is=20 usually advised (for the case of glyphosate, see e.g. [Powles,=20 2003] and [Powles,=20 2008]), farmers engaged in high-input systems are reluctant to opt = for it=20 because of short-term commercial costs and/or the inability to foresee = the=20 economic risks (Shaner,=20 1995). The reactive approach assumes that novel strategies will = become=20 available when required, but also that the costs of these future = strategies will=20 not be larger than those of the present management practices. In fact, = the=20 evolution of weed herbicide resistance has neither decreased herbicide = use nor=20 increased non-chemical practices (Beckie,=20 2006), but rather intensified herbicide consumption =E2=80=93 the = so-called=20 =E2=80=9Cherbicide treadmill=E2=80=9D. The examination of this tension between = preventive and reactive=20 approaches for explaining attitudes towards herbicide-resistant weeds = comprises=20 a major drive for this study.

The aim of this paper is to analyze both the driving forces behind = the=20 initial spread of GR johnsongrass and the social, economic and = environmental=20 implications of pre-emptive or reactive response strategies. It also = discusses=20 reasons behind farmers=E2=80=99 willingness or reluctance to adopt = preventive resistance=20 management strategies, as well as institutional conditions and = constraints. The=20 existence of a new form of treadmill phenomenon, not only leading to the increase of = herbicide use but=20 also to the intensification in the use of GM crops, will also be = explored.

This paper is structured in five sections. Following the introduction = and=20 methods, we discuss the driving forces behind the appearance of GR = johnsongrass.=20 The Argentinean agricultural system is characterized, with special focus = on the=20 GR soybean production and future scenarios. Next, we describe the = environmental=20 history of johnsongrass and the emergence of GR biotypes in terms of = spread,=20 potential impacts and responses put in place. Finally, we discuss the=20 implications of different management strategies and provide some = concluding=20 remarks.

2. Methods

There is a small but hitherto undisputed body of evidence concerning = the=20 existence of the invasion process of GR johnsongrass ([Heap,=20 2007] and [Powles,=20 2008]). In this study, we present the results of qualitative field = research=20 on actors=E2=80=99 perceptions and understanding of the process. The = qualitative=20 techniques included semi-structured group and individual in-depth = interviews as=20 well as participatory observation.

The use of these techniques is grounded in the characteristics of the = case=20 study. Complexity inherent to the invasion process and to the production = system=20 is reflected in uncertainties concerning the impacts of GR johnsongrass = spread.=20 Data regarding the degree of spread of GR johnsongrass are incomplete = due to=20 lack of official statistics and voluntary reporting (as will be = discussed in=20 following sections). This rules out the analysis of impacts from a = quantitative=20 perspective. At the same time, there are different perspectives = regarding the=20 significance of the invasion, which are better elicited through = qualitative=20 approaches (Kvale,=20 1996).

The informants were selected among main actors who participate in the = management strategies and/or governance of the issue of GR johnsongrass. = During=20 2007, 20 semi-structured interviews were conducted in the provinces of = Salta,=20 Tucum=C3=A1n, Santiago del Estero, Entre Rios and Buenos Aires. These = interviews=20 aimed at eliciting the viewpoints of experts, practitioners and actors = involved=20 in the GR johnsongrass conflict. Interviews were conducted with three = botanists=20 specialized in weeds, three affected farmers, two ecologists, two=20 representatives of the main biotechnology company in Argentina, three = agrarian=20 technicians, one representative of the National Agrifood Health and = Quality=20 Service (SENASA), four scholars and researchers at private agronomy = institutions=20 and two representatives of producers=E2=80=99 associations. The = selection of actors was=20 based on the different roles and perceptions related to the management = of the GR=20 johnsongrass ([Flick,=20 2006] and [Bauer=20 and Gaskell, 2000]). The interview guide included four main aspects: = (a)=20 agricultural transformations and productive dynamics on the study area; = (b)=20 driving forces behind the emergence of GR johnsongrass; (c) an = assessment of the=20 costs and impacts derived from the appearance of the GR johnsongrass; = and (d) an=20 estimation of the GR management measures and proposals. Collected = information=20 was analyzed using ATLAS.ti, a qualitative data analysis software which = handles=20 large data sets by setting categories, systematising and refining = concepts ([Kelle,=20 2000] and [Lewins=20 and Silver, 2007]).

Information on the socio-economic and biological processes was = collected to=20 unravel the environmental history of the johnsongrass, the Argentinean = GR=20 soybean system and the current implications of the agronomic production = model. A=20 literature review emphasizing the political economy of biotechnologies = and the=20 economics of bioinvasions and weed management, as well as general = insights from=20 ecological economics and agroecology provided the analytical tools for = tackling=20 the GR johnsongrass conflict.

3. The Argentinean GR soybean system

The driving forces behind the appearance of GR johnsongrass cannot be = separated from Argentina=E2=80=99s rural development model, particularly = the=20 institutional setting and the new agrarian organization of space (i.e. = the=20 agriculturisation and pampeanisation processes, as = discussed=20 below). Seen this way, the emergence of GR johnsongrass could be = interpreted as=20 a foreseeable =E2=80=9Cside-effect=E2=80=9D of these processes, and = responses to it would be=20 determined by the system=E2=80=99s constraints and opportunities as well = as by the=20 future productive scenarios.

3.1. Production system and technological = applications

Modern Argentinean agriculture started in the late 19th century with = a mixed=20 production system (based in cattle ranching and agricultural crop = rotations)=20 which promoted an extensive low-input agronomic cropping scheme in the=20 Pampas (Viglizzo=20 et al., 2002). The Pampas is a vast, flat pastureland of = Argentina,=20 which covers more than 55 million hectares of arable land. Over the = years,=20 cultivation with inappropriate tillage systems and machinery has lead to = erosion. In the early 1990s, the adoption of no-till practices = diminished the=20 erosion problems but raised herbicide consumption. Non-tillage systems = and=20 soybean=E2=80=93wheat rotation displaced the mixed crop-cattle = production system in most=20 of the Pampas pastures, allowing farmers to produce three crops = over a=20 two years period. These practices also opened a window of opportunity to = a range=20 of herbicides with different modes of action in each stage of the = soybean=20 cultivation system. As a result, weed control became 40% of the input = costs for=20 farmers. By 1987, 50 chemical compounds were marketed for weed control, = 22 of=20 them for soybean fields, under several different formulations. However, = only=20 four principals comprised 60% of the market value (Le=C3=B3n=20 et al., 1987). Fifteen companies controlled the market; of which 80% = were=20 multinational enterprises (Pengue,=20 2000).

These new technologies accompanied the rise of permanent agriculture, = which=20 displaced traditional cattle production to marginal areas or feedlots. = The=20 process of agriculturisation, as it is known in Argentina (Manuel-Navarrete=20 et al., 2005), transfigured the mixed farming system towards an=20 agri-industrial model. It is characterised by the diffusion of = specialised=20 mono-cultural crops, the progressive intensification of the system by = the use of=20 external inputs, the geographical separation of livestock and crops and = a=20 growing reliance upon public, but also increasingly private, research = and=20 extension system (Marsden,=20 2008).

In the extra-pampean areas, which are characterized by more = complex=20 environments, the system gives rise to a greater reliance on external = inputs for=20 weed and pest control. The process, called pampeanisation, = entails the=20 export of the technological, financial and agronomical model of the=20 Pampas to other ecoregions, such as the Great Chaco or the Yungas = (Pengue,=20 2005), thereby expanding the agricultural frontier. Statistically, = this=20 trend is evident in the demand for new farmland, which has pushed = Argentina=E2=80=99s=20 deforestation rates to 0.85% per year, above those found in Africa = (0.78%) and=20 above the average in South America (0.50%) (Morello=20 and Pengue, 2007). The Department of Agriculture, Cattle Ranching, = Fisheries=20 and Food (SAGPyA, acronym in Spanish) documents a threefold increase in = the rate=20 of soybean expansion between 1996/1997 and 2006/2007 sowing seasons.

The processes of agriculturalisation and pampeanisation = were=20 fostered by the introduction of the mono-cultural GR transgenic soybean model under no-tillage practices in the mid = 1990s. Using=20 glyphosate, farmers were able to control a diversity of weeds (including = the=20 most conspicuous, e.g. Sorghum halepense, Cynodon = dactylon,=20 Cyperus rotundus and Chenopodium album) at a very low = cost. This=20 allowed farmers to manage more land and increase overall productivity = and=20 profitability based on a vertical integration model (Mueller=20 et al., 2005). In the 2006/7 campaign, 16 million hectares were = sown=20 with soy, and production reached its historical record: 48 million = tonnes,=20 half of the total agricultural production for Argentina (SAGPyA,=20 2007). Practically 100% of total soybean production is based on = genetically=20 modified GR soybeans.

3.2. The institutional setting

A series of structural reforms were necessary to allow a rapid = diffusion of=20 GM technology. Government policies were among the major driving forces=20 transforming extensive agriculture and cattle raising to fit the = requirements of=20 international markets.

The shift in Argentinean agriculture towards commoditisation=20 (including an emphasis on export production) produced a substantial = surplus in=20 the current account balance, allowing payment of interest on external = debt,=20 while increasing economic resources to maintain social plans. Exports = account=20 for most of the improvement in tax revenues and half of these taxes come = from=20 soybeans exports and its derivates (Damill=20 et al., 2006). At the same time, empowered market forces had a = stronger=20 voice in strategic production decisions. Responsibilities were = transferred from=20 the state to technical NGOs and agribusiness corporations, while = services such=20 as extension usually offered by state institutions were dismantled (Manuel-Navarrete=20 et al., 2005). As a result, agricultural modernization processes and = the=20 adoption of GM technologies occurred mostly in the absence of state = actors and=20 institutions. This implied an important shift in actors concerning = agrarian=20 dynamics, development pathways and technological modernization. The = active role=20 that private entities played in technological diffusion and professional = assistance is evidenced in strategies that are based on private sector=20 responses. Multinational corporations become central actors and the = major=20 vehicle of technological modernization (Spielman,=20 2007).

3.3. The new social organization of space

Linked to the institutional setting, the social organization of space = plays a=20 major role as a driver in the emergence and spread of the GR = johnsongrass as=20 well as in the adoption of response strategies. Changes in spatial = patterns of=20 land use associated with the expansion of soybean in Argentina have been = explored in detail elsewhere (Paruelo=20 and Oesterheld, 2004). These spatial transformations associated with = changes=20 in land tenure structure are particularly relevant for the analysis of=20 johnsongrass spread. According to the last agricultural census, units = larger=20 than 10,000 ha have increased 13% in number and 14% in extent in=20 Pampas between 1988 and 2002 (SAGPyA,=20 2003). Since the 1990s, there has been also an increase in = agricultural land=20 concentration in the Northern provinces of Argentina, primarily as a = function of=20 soybean production. In the Northern provinces of Salta and Santiago del = Estero=20 between 1988 and 2002 the area devoted to agriculture increased by 70%, = which=20 means an expansion of 120,000 ha per year of the agricultural = frontier.=20 About 66% of this increase is explained by increments of = soybean-cultivated=20 areas (Paruelo=20 and Oesterheld, 2004).

New forms of land tenure favour an increasing concentration of = agricultural=20 production and management. Informants report that renting land through = leasing=20 arrangements and other financial mechanisms has now come to be an = economically=20 efficient option, a development that coincides with Kloppenburg=20 and Geisler=E2=80=99s (1985) analysis of the agricultural ladder in = the United=20 States. Their findings confirm that new social forms of production are = no longer=20 linked to the productive chain through ownership, but rather the system = has=20 broader objectives of net revenue and economic efficiency. In Argentina, = more=20 than 50% of the cultivated land is leased and, according to Pengue=20 (2005), 75% of the grain in the Pampas is produced by large = land=20 leaseholders. Most of the leasing contracts are annual, which impose a = high=20 pressure on the land in order to obtain the maximum revenue in the = shortest=20 time. Production and management concentration facilitates the adoption = of=20 input-oriented (machinery, fertilizers, pesticides, GR soybean) and=20 process-oriented (no-tillage) systems. However, technological adoption = and=20 change are closely related to capital and information availability. = While=20 changes in production practices and adoption of GM technologies favour = yield=20 increases, Paruelo=20 and Oesterheld (2004) have documented that beneficiaries of = technological=20 improvements are mainly large producers. For this reason, the extension = of the=20 lease regimes up to 5 years has become one of the main demands of = small and=20 medium-sized farmers (Federaci=C3=B3n=20 Agraria, 2008).

In the case of soybean production systems, production processes are = dominated=20 by managerial tasks performed by a contractor (Manuel-Navarrete=20 et al., 2005) representing either national corporate or = international=20 investment interests. According to Buzzi (quoted in Pengue=20 (2007)) 3% of the producers are responsible for 70% of the soybean=20 production. Much of this production occurs under the auspices of the = so-called=20 =E2=80=9Csowing pools=E2=80=9D. The sowing pool comprises a financial = mechanism for soybean=20 production which brings together a landowner, a contractor and a = technician in a=20 novel form of agricultural enterprise. The sowing pools favour agrarian = capital=20 concentration in the hands of large company contractors that lease the = land from=20 small and medium landholders.

3.4. Future scenarios of the production system

In this section, we analyze major recent trends in = Argentina=E2=80=99s agricultural=20 production system. Besides soybean seed and flour feeding the ever = increasing=20 international meat market, Argentina is also one of the greatest = exporters of=20 vegetable-oil in general and of soybean and sunflower derivatives in = particular.=20 It is considered to have some of the most efficient and technologically = advanced=20 milling equipment for vegetable-oil in the world, producing more than=20 154,000 tonnes per day. Strategic geographical location of the = milling=20 infrastructures at big harbours facilitates the export of 95% of this = oil=20 production ([Lamers,=20 2006] and [Pengue,=20 2006]). The sector is characterised by an industrial oligopoly, as = 85% of=20 the installed milling potential is processed by six companies.

Because of this capacity, Argentina is potentially a prime supplier = for the=20 growing biofuel industry, both for biodiesel (the raw material of which = is=20 vegetable oil from soybeans, sunflowers or canola) or bioethanol = (derived from=20 alcohols obtained from maize or sugarcane). For instance, the EU goal of = 5.75%=20 biofuel blending by 2010 would require a fivefold increase in EU = production,=20 posing a great demand for imported raw materials ([APPA,=20 2007], [Dufey,=20 2006] and [Russi,=20 2008]). Future projections foresee biofuel production taking place = mostly in=20 developing countries, with cheap land and labour and where climatic = conditions=20 are more favourable (Wicke,=20 2006).

Moreover, with internal demand likely to increase due to the = Argentinean=20 =E2=80=9CBiofuels Act=E2=80=9D (Law 26.093) requiring 5% biodiesel = content in petroleum=20 derivates by 2010, domestic demand is estimated to reach=20 600,000 tonnes/year for biodiesel. At the present production rates, = it is=20 calculated that 7.3% of the soybean surface is needed for supplying this = annual=20 target of production in the first year of implementation = (3.5 million=20 tonnes of soy beans). Therefore, Argentina could not become diesel=20 self-sufficient through soybean-derived biodiesel unless the cultivation = surface=20 is significantly increased. Although Argentinean authorities remain = confident of=20 the opportunities to increase soy yields, most of the large soybean = growers,=20 including Argentina, the USA and Brazil, have seemingly already = optimized their=20 production, as they have experienced little growth in last years (Johnston,=20 2006). International demand could press further for the expansion of = the=20 agricultural frontier. In the case of ethanol, Argentina is also one of = the=20 world=E2=80=99s lowest cost producers of maize. Domestic demand is = estimated at around=20 160,000 tonnes/year for bioethanol.

4. =E2=80=9CWith the GR soybean we arrived in = paradise=E2=80=A6 but it was so=20 short-lived=E2=80=A6=E2=80=9D: the emergence, impacts and responses to = GR johnsongrass

4.1. Environmental history of johnsongrass management in=20 Argentina

Johnsongrass was introduced in Argentina at the beginning of the 20th = century. Although it was already considered strongly invasive, the = Ministry of=20 Agriculture proposed it as a high-yield forage suitable for poor soil = conditions=20 ([Estrada,=20 1907] and [Vallejo,=20 1913]). Agronomists in Tucum=C3=A1n (north of Argentina) were soon = alerted by its=20 rapid, invasive potential and recommended its prohibition ([Cross,=20 1926] and [Cross,=20 1927]). By this time, land abandonment, decrease of land prices and = high=20 productivity losses in the weed=E2=80=99s wake were also documented (Schultz,=20 1931), which led to describing the johnsongrass invasion as = =E2=80=9Cthe farmers=E2=80=99=20 terror=E2=80=9D (Cross,=20 1934a). In 1930 it was considered a pest for agriculture in the = humid and=20 semiarid regions of the country. Although international sales and = imports of=20 johnsongrass seeds and rhizomes were forbidden (de=20 Rocha, 1930), domestic trade was not halted (Cross,=20 1934b). Only in 1951 were sowing and breeding banned at the national = level.

Despite these policies, by the early 1980s some estimates assert that = 6 million hectares of the rolling pampas were infested (Leguizam=C3=B3n,=20 1983), while other estimates are as high as 15 million = hectares, with=20 over 94,000 affected producers (Ladelfa=20 et al., 1983). Until the 1970s, control techniques were either = mechanical or=20 manual, and cultivars coexisted with a wide, polyspecific weed = population. In=20 the 1970s, a series of herbicides (e.g. MSMA or Trifluralina) were = introduced in=20 the Argentinean market, and johnsongrass control techniques combined = mechanical=20 and chemical strategies. By 1977 the so-called =E2=80=9CPlan Piloto de = Salto=E2=80=9D was=20 launched by the National Institute of Stockbreeding Technology (INTA) in = the=20 province of Buenos Aires. Its main objective was to progressively = recuperate the=20 infested fields through implementing management techniques based on = rotation=20 practices, the use of winter cover crops and mechanical and/or chemical = measures=20 (Rossi=20 and Cascardo, 1981). A series of empirical field trials were = conducted to=20 evaluate the efficiency of these techniques, and to improve background = knowledge=20 on the dynamics of johnsongrass (e.g. reproduction patterns, = susceptibility to=20 the temperature or to fertilisation). Costs of different management = alternatives=20 over three-year rotation periods varied between 20% and 45% of the total = production costs (Cascardo=20 and Rossi, 1979). At that time, MSMA, Dalapon, Pirifenop and = glyphosate were=20 recommended (Barletta=20 et al., 1977). In the 1980s, the range and use of herbicides = increased, both=20 for pre-sowing herbicides and grass-specific graminicides.

The subsequent introduction of GR soybeans and the constant use of = glyphosate=20 apparently succeeded in controlling the weed. As one informant reported: = =E2=80=9Cglyphosate becomes the essential tool for fallow-land and = soybean cultivation=20 in 1996. Johnsongrass practically disappeared from the rolling = Pampas,=20 except from patches on uncultivated land =E2=80=A6 but none in = agricultural=20 land=E2=80=9D.

The illusion of infallibility of glyphosate to control weed species = shifted=20 emphasis toward chemical control at the expense of integrated weed = management²=20 and the weed control experts groups. The soybean herbicide market was=20 contracted. As one engineer stated in an interview: =E2=80=9CTraditional = products=20 reduced their market presence. It is difficult to get any other product. = Everything except glyphosate has to be ordered=E2=80=9D. Others have = noted that the rate=20 of innovation in developing new herbicides has declined as agrochemical=20 companies have acquired seed companies to produce herbicide-resistant = crops.=20 Moreover, farmers=E2=80=99 willingness to use other alternatives or = explore weed=20 thresholds has been reduced after GR crops adoption ([Mart=C3=ADnez-Ghersa= =20 et al., 2003] and [R=C3=BCegg=20 et al., 2007]). When surveying Argentinean farmers, White=20 (1997) found that among the main motivations for adopting GR = technology were=20 better and more simplified weed control in the short term in addition to = a=20 decreased expenditure in herbicides, labour and fuel.

The adoption of herbicide technology in the 1960s, and glyphosate = later, has=20 been accompanied by conceptual changes in the definition of weeds and = their role=20 within the production system. For some actors, weeds may be considered = an=20 intrinsic limiting factor in the agriculturisation process, the = economic=20 impact of which must be minimised; while for others they are an = =E2=80=9Cenemy=E2=80=9D to be=20 defeated in the ongoing effort to dominate nature. Among frequently used = terms=20 in weed management are =E2=80=9Ccontrol=E2=80=9D, = =E2=80=9Ceradication=E2=80=9D, =E2=80=9Cfight=E2=80=9D, = =E2=80=9Cdefeat=E2=80=9D, =E2=80=9Cwipe out=E2=80=9D,=20 =E2=80=9Cweapon=E2=80=9D and the use of medical metaphors and hygienic = terms such as =E2=80=9Cclean=E2=80=9D to=20 refer to a chemically sterilized field. All these were identified in the = interviews and are examples of the second mindset described above.

Glyphosate consumption became the centre of the weed management = strategy,=20 increasing sharply from 1 million litres in 1991 to = 180 million in=20 2007. Although glyphosate is considered a low environmental risk = herbicide by=20 some authors ([Duke,=20 2005] and [Duke=20 and Powles, 2008]), those with an eye on the bigger picture have = warned that=20 =E2=80=9Cthe substitution of traditional crops [in Argentina] by GR soy = in the past=20 decades represents a large scale, unplanned, ecological experiment, = whose=20 consequences for natural ecosystems, and aquatic environments in = particular, are=20 poorly understood=E2=80=9D (P=C3=A9rez=20 et al., 2007; see also (Altieri,=20 2004), (Casab=C3=A9=20 et al., 2007) and (Relyea,=20 2005)).³

Initially after the adoption of GM soybeans the increased use of = glyphosate=20 was accompanied by a decrease in the consumption of other herbicides = such as=20 atrazine or 2,4-D. However, during the last growing seasons, the = consumption of=20 these herbicides has risen again (see Fig.=20 1). These results coincide with those of Bonny=20 (2008), who concludes after assessing soybean cropping in US that = the total=20 amount of herbicides applied per ha decreased initially between 1996 and = 2001,=20 but tended to rise afterwards.

Full-size = image=20 (19K)

Fig. 1. Evolution in glyphosate, atrazine and 2,4-D consumption = in=20 Argentina, 1996=E2=80=932006. Source: Statistics have been = compiled from Pengue=20 (2000) and CASAFE=20 (C=C3=A1mara de Sanidad y Fertilizantes de la Rep=C3=BAblica Argentina = (2007)).

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4.2. The emergence of GR johnsongrass biotypes in = Argentina

Farmers from the province of Salta, northern Argentina, detected the=20 appearance of a GR johnsongrass biotype in 2002. Samples were taken and = brought=20 to the USA by Monsanto in 2003. However resistance was only reported = indirectly=20 to the National Agrifood Health and Quality Service (SENASA) during a = congress=20 presentation offered by Monsanto in December 2005 (Passalacqua,=20 2007). The Tucum=C3=A1n University then confirmed it in the same = year. It is=20 possible that this delay has been critical for the future spread of GR=20 johnsongrass. An affected producer commented on the time lag between = early=20 detection and confirmation: =E2=80=9CWe warned Monsanto and they came. = But we were=20 losing time, nearly two years passed [=E2=80=A6] The message from all = scientists at that=20 moment, not only Monsanto=E2=80=99s, was that it was practically = impossible to acquire=20 resistance to glyphosate due to its site of action. Now it has = changed=E2=80=9D. At that=20 time, different authors already warned of the potentially intense = selection=20 pressure for weed resistance by genetically modified herbicide-resistant = crops.=20 This would in turn jeopardize the future use of glyphosate ([Owen=20 and Zelaya, 2005], [Powles,=20 2003], [Reddy,=20 2001], [Shaner,=20 2000], [Snow=20 et al., 2005], [Tiedje=20 et al., 1989] and [Wolfenbarger=20 and Phifer, 2000]). By 2006, eight GR weeds were already confirmed=20 worldwide; three cases were associated with the use of = herbicide-resistant crops=20 (Cerdeira=20 and Duke, 2006).

Although the first cases emerged in the Salta province (Valverde=20 and Gressel, 2006), GR johnsongrass was reported in 2007 in all=20 agroproductive provinces in northern Argentina and also in some central=20 provinces, such as Santa Fe. It is estimated that the affected area in = the north=20 of Argentina covers 10,000 ha (Passalacqua,=20 2007), and our informants expected that the potential affected area = might=20 reach 100,000 ha. Fig.=20 2 shows the areas where GR johnsongrass=E2=80=99 has been = reported.

Full-size = image=20 (75K)

Fig. 2. Areas with confirmed GR johnsongrass in the North and = Centre of=20 Argentina (2008).

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4.3. Potential impacts associated with GR = johnsongrass

Involved actors offered different analyses of the recent appearance = and=20 spread of GR johnsongrass in Argentina and of its implications. They = discussed=20 the similarity of most of these impacts to those already encountered in = the=20 1930s. Again, increases in the control costs were reported in the = affected=20 fields. Some informants focused on farmers=E2=80=99 capability to adapt = to the new=20 conditions: =E2=80=9CThis will weed out producers. Those who are = attentive will succeed;=20 those who clean their machinery, etc=E2=80=A6 will have everything = under control.=20 The problem is with those who are still confident about managing with=20 glyphosate. They will have problems. Other types of resistance will = occur. This=20 is the big topic.=E2=80=9D A major challenge is replacing an extremely = simple weed=20 management, based on a =E2=80=9Cfantastic technology that makes = Argentina competitive=20 worldwide=E2=80=9D (interview, agronomist), with a more complex = integrated weed=20 management system.

Yield loss and incremental control costs have induced changes in the = lease=20 regime (both in the price and length of the contract), as a consequence = of the=20 depreciation of the value of affected lands. Some stakeholders have also = discussed the increase in the control costs as an added driver for the = need to=20 scale-up the economic activity, which will cause the abandonment of = small and=20 medium-sized farms or further push the agricultural frontier in order to = maintain the margin of benefits. The process is similar to the one = discussed by=20 Kloppenburg=20 (1988, p. 35) regarding technology adoption, in which farmers who = fail to=20 adapt to new technologies are continuously driven out of business and = their=20 operations are absorbed by more successful producers, ensuring a secure = and=20 expanding market for the technology supplier.

The implementation of johnsongrass=E2=80=99 management measures can = be related to a=20 series of socio-economic and environmental impacts. Agronomists in the = affected=20 areas suggest control strategies that involve returning to more severely = toxic=20 and older herbicidal ingredients such as MSMA, 2,4-D and combinations of = these=20 with glyphosate in a new burn-down strategy in the no-tillage GR system, = or by=20 using rucksack equipments for a plant by plant control. Economic costs = threaten=20 to accrue as practices are prescribed for the containment of GR = johnsongrass,=20 such as cleaning of agricultural machinery, or with the potential rise = in seeds=E2=80=99=20 costs due to purity standards. The technology advantage found by farmers = in the=20 implementation of the GR soybean in terms of cost reduction could be = lost.=20 Returning to old herbicides increases control costs drastically, leaving = middle-sized farms in a precarious situation. The increased use of MSMA = or=20 2,4-D, with higher potential environmental and health impacts than = glyphosate,=20 or the promotion and introduction of genetically modified seeds = resistant to=20 other herbicides, will be discussed in next section.

4.4. Management responses to GR johnsongrass

Management strategies can be divided into proactive or reactive, = though=20 options may be limited depending on how advanced the invasion is at the=20 decision-point. We will now review the different classes of responses = and their=20 implementation in Argentina (see Table=20 1). It is worth mentioning that the main agricultural extension = agents in=20 charge of farmers=E2=80=99 assessment, especially in the north of = Argentina, are=20 agronomic engineers representing private, mixed companies or private = NGOs such=20 as ProGrano (Northern Grain Producers Association) or AAPRESID = (Argentinean=20 Association of Non-Tillage Producers).

Table 1.

Responses implemented in Argentina for the management of GR = johnsongrass.

Before GR johnsongrass = emergence	After GR johnsongrass = emergence
Prevention	Prevention
=E2=80=93	=E2=80=93
Early detection	Assessment
=E2=80=93	SENASA hires = an external=20 consultancy in June 2006 for evaluating the scale of the problem = and to=20 propose management recommendations
	A National = Advisory Board=20 for Resistant Pests (CONAPRE) was launched in November = 2006
	Two workshops = were held in=20 September 2006 and June 2007, gathering weed experts, producers = and=20 policy-makers
	Early = detection
	A = communication system for=20 detection of GR johnsongrass was implemented
	Containment
	Informative = campaign=20 launched by the Experimental Agroindustrial Station Obispo = Colombres and=20 ProGrano in 2007
	Control
	Chemical = control has been=20 tested with several herbicides (MSMA, 2,4-D, halaxifop metil, = cletodim, as=20 well as graminicides applied locally) in soy=20 fields.

Full-size table

Sources: (ASAPROVE,=20 2006), (Olea=20 et al., 2007), (Passalacqua,=20 2007) and (SENASA,=20 2007); field work interviews.

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Preventive measures: In a glyphosate-based production system,=20 preventive measures would involve searching for more diversified = production,=20 requiring a sophistication of the system as well as improving management = of=20 knowledge and time. Given the predominance of economic and technological = optimism, no preventive measures were taken before the emergence of GR=20 johnsongrass, nor in unaffected areas once it had already appeared in = other=20 areas of the country.

Reactive measures: Once GR johnsongrass appeared, reactive = measures=20 were implemented. These can be divided into assessment, early detection, = containment or control measures (GISP,=20 2007). Eradication has not been discussed as an option by = stakeholders.

Assessment can be considered the first step of a management = programme.=20 It involves evaluating the different elements within the current = situation=20 (extent of the area to be managed, determining the management goal or = the=20 stakeholders involved). In 2006, the SENASA hired an external = consultancy to=20 assess the state of affairs in Argentina (Valverde=20 and Gressel, 2006). Its main recommendations include measures such = as=20 putting in place early detection systems (visual and satellite-based), = designing=20 a public information campaign, promoting rotation schemes for avoiding = or=20 delaying the appearance of resistance, implementing measures for = containment and=20 promoting basic research and investigation on chemical control. Two = workshops=20 were held in September 2006 and June 2007 presenting and following-up = this=20 assessment, convening weed experts, producers and policy-makers. A = National=20 Advisory Board for Resistant Pests (CONAPRE) was launched in November = 2006=20 charged with coordination (SENASA Resolution 470/2007). Its functions = are=20 similar those of the first Board against Weeds created in 1936 to manage = common=20 johnsongrass.

Early detection: SENASA has put in operation a centralised = system for=20 reporting suspected cases of GR johnsongrass. However, there has been a = low=20 number of reports. This can be attributed in part to the severity of GR=20 johnsongrass=E2=80=99 impact and the uncertainty of the consequences for = those who=20 report. It can be illustrated by some excerpts from interviews: = =E2=80=9CThe reports are=20 few because people are afraid of reporting because of getting lower = rents and=20 because they do not know how the authority is going to react, because = their=20 fields could be closed down,=E2=80=A6=E2=80=9D; =E2=80=9CIf a farmer has = or detects GR johnsongrass,=20 will he say it? Will he identify the problem in his field? He = doesn=E2=80=99t know what=20 could happen because legislation is not clear: would the field be closed = down?=20 Would production be retained? What would be the cost of machinery for = him?=20 Ignorance of legislation can be a limiting factor in confronting the = problem [=E2=80=A6]=20 While the problem is in the fences, it is everybody=E2=80=99s problem, = or others=E2=80=99=20 problems; but when the problem is in his field, I do not know how he = will=20 react.=E2=80=9D Additionally, farmers seem to be reluctant to question = their trust on=20 technology: =E2=80=9CIn general there still is [=E2=80=A6] some = resistance to accepting the=20 problem. I make the comparison with some parents that deny that their = son is=20 different. They deny the problem. But it is serious. And what we have = detected=20 is that producers are reluctant to report the problem, to say it, to = confess it.=20 [=E2=80=A6] Probably there are many more cases than the ones we have = detected.=E2=80=9D The=20 resulting lack of data regarding the scale of the problem makes = containment=20 difficult.

Containment is aimed to restrict the spread of GR johnsongrass = and to=20 enclose the population in a defined geographical range. Again, early = detection=20 and monitoring will be a critical feature. In 2007 the Experimental=20 Agroindustrial Station Obispo Colombres launched an information campaign = through=20 radio and TV spots, newspapers and posters focused on procedures for = avoiding=20 dispersion, especially those related to hygienic measures for machinery=20 (agricultural engineer, interview). The Agroindustrial Station is a = joint=20 public=E2=80=93private venture.

Control measures: Much of the effort has been directed to = control=20 measures. The objective of these is to reduce the density and abundance = of GR=20 johnsongrass below a pre-set acceptable threshold. Control methods are = usually=20 classified as mechanical, chemical, biological, habitat management or = integrated=20 pest management (GISP,=20 2007). SENASA, who is the agency in charge of the control policies, = has=20 mainly promoted chemical methods. The main herbicide companies lead the=20 research, in coordination with private NGOs (such as PROGRANO) who are = in charge=20 of developing the resulting strategies. In the last years, no new = herbicides=20 with new modes of action have been introduced in the market and no quick = developments are expected (Green=20 et al., 2008). For instance, the last compound with a new mode of = action =E2=80=93=20 HPPD herbicide =E2=80=93 was commercialized in Europe in 1991 (R=C3=BCegg=20 et al., 2007). Therefore, strategies to control GR johnsongrass rely = on=20 already commercialized herbicides, either directly or through the = development of=20 novel GM crops with new herbicide-resistance characteristics, or on = varieties=20 resistant to even higher doses of glyphosate (Service,=20 2007).

Informants have described trials conducted in Argentina aiming to = control GR=20 johnsongrass in soy fields. At the moment, the resistance mechanism is = still=20 unknown and therefore research for chemical control is conducted on a = trial and=20 error basis. These methods include the use of glyphosate mixed with = MSMA, 2,4-D,=20 cletodim or haloxifop, post-emergence graminicides (e.g. Micosulfuron,=20 Imazethapir) or for use in fallow fields (atrazine, paraquat, 2,4-D, = metsulfuron=20 metil). They do not fully cover the complete spectrum of weed species = treated by=20 glyphosate, and entail higher management costs for the fields. For = instance, Mu=C3=B1oz=20 (2006) estimated in 2006 that the cost of controlling GR = johnsongrass with a=20 mixture of 2,4-D and glyphosate increases production costs by 19.3% per = hectare,=20 apart from increased biological and human health risks. The price of the = two=20 herbicides has risen steadily since then. Other authors estimated that=20 controlling a glyphosate resistant weed could double the herbicide = expenditure=20 per hectare in Argentina (Tuesca=20 et al., 2007). Moreover, herbicide mixtures can inadvertently = accelerate the=20 evolution of multiple resistance if they fail to meet basic criteria for = resistance management or are applied repeatedly (Beckie,=20 2006). However, weed control specialists remain confident: = =E2=80=9Cin spite of=20 complexity, it is possible to face and win the battle on this = problem=E2=80=9D=20 (interview, weed management expert). Yet their efforts seem to depend on = the=20 continued use of glyphosate. On July 2007, a commercial maize variety, = stacked=20 with RoundUp resistance (i.e. GR) and Bt was released in Argentina. = Rotation=20 with GR sugarcane was also suggested by some companies. Season by = season, crop=20 by crop, including fallow fields, glyphosate seems to be the unique=20 alternative.

4.5. Enhancing the market: new developments in the GM = scene

Biotech companies have recently launched novel GM crops with new=20 herbicide-resistance as a response to the appearance of GR weeds (Green=20 et al., 2008). For instance, in September 2007 DuPont and Nidera = announced=20 the glyphosate and sulfonyureas-resistant soy varieties Finesse-Sts (Ciuci,=20 2007). In their presentation in Argentina, the representatives of = Nidera soy=20 varieties stated: =E2=80=9CFor growing towards the future, it is = necessary to present=20 solutions to new problems, such as tolerance or resistance to = glyphosate.=E2=80=9D=20 DuPont has similarly developed the so-called GAT/HRA technology, which = combines=20 glyphosate and ALS resistance (including sulfonylurea and imidazolinone=20 herbicides) for soy and maize along with other crops (Green,=20 2007). The technology has been commercially applied by Pioneer = Hi-Bred and=20 DuPont Crop Protection in the so-called Optimum-GAT trait, with sales=20 anticipated by 2010=E2=80=932012 (Pioneer,=20 2007). To date, 95 species have been reported to be ALS-resistant, = including=20 johnsongrass (Heap,=20 2007).

In May 2007 Monsanto and the University of Nebraska also presented = Dicamba=20 resistant technology in Science magazine, as a strategy to extend = the=20 effective lifetime of glyphosate and preserve no-till or reduced-till = planting=20 practices (Behrens=20 et al., 2007). The technology could also be applied to soy, tobacco = and=20 cotton. Dicamba is a synthetic auxine considered as an herbicide with = low=20 toxicity, but with high residuality. It is a selective systemic = herbicide for=20 broadleaf weeds. Chemical researchers recommend that Dicamba resistance = genes be=20 used =E2=80=9Cstacked=E2=80=9D with glyphosate resistance genes to allow = farmers to alternate=20 between the two herbicides or mix them. In the case of glyphosate, whose = patent=20 has expired, gene stacking is particularly profitable as it increases = the value=20 of the seeds by including two or more technological fees rather than = just one=20 (Bonny,=20 2008). In a study conducted by Peterson=20 and Hulting (2004), Dicamba was found to have higher relative risks = than=20 glyphosate for five of the nine ecological receptors evaluated. In an = estimation=20 of relative ecological risks of herbicide active ingredients made by Duke=20 and Cerdeira (2005), Dicamba was classified as having 220 more = specific=20 risks compared to glyphosate. Kochia scoparia, Stachys = arvensis=20 and Galeopsis tetrahit weeds have already been reported as=20 Dicamba-resistant (Heap,=20 2007). The first two are present in Argentina.

In turn, Dow AgroScience has recently presented its progress in the=20 development of maize and soy varieties resistant to 2,4-D, = =E2=80=9Cfop=E2=80=9D grass=20 herbicides and insects (Dow=20 AgroSciences, 2007a). Although offered as a herbicide with few = resistant=20 weed populations, resistance to 2,4-D has been registered in 16 weed = plant=20 species. First records already date from 1952 (Heap,=20 2007). The company expects to commercialize GM maize in 2012/3 or = 2014 for=20 soybeans.

In maize production, Dow and Monsanto companies have recently = presented a=20 genetically modified maize, in which eight genes are stacked for = herbicide=20 tolerance and insect-protection. It has been published as the = =E2=80=9C=E2=80=98all-in-one=E2=80=99=20 answer to demands for a comprehensive yield protection from weed and = insect=20 traits=E2=80=9D (Dow=20 AgroSciences, 2007b). The new GM crop =E2=80=93SmartStax =E2=80=93 = is expected to be=20 commercialised in the US by the end of the decade, combining glyphosate = and=20 ammonium glufosinate resistance with corn worm protection.

Finally, research has also been conducted to obtain = glyphosate-tolerant maize=20 with higher resistance to the herbicide. Athenix Corp, for instance, = expects to=20 submit a regulatory package by the end of 2008 in the USA for maize = capable of=20 withstanding at least eight times the standard field rate of glyphosate=20 recommended, providing =E2=80=9Cthe highest levels of glyphosate = tolerance available=E2=80=9D=20 (Athenix=20 Corp., 2007). Field trials for soybean are about to begin.

5. Discussion and concluding remarks

The process of agriculturalisation in the rolling = Pampas that=20 began in the mid 1970s, and the subsequent pampeanisation of=20 extra-Pampean regions have meant a strong intensification of the = productive=20 system. These processes were enabled by the long-standing representation = of=20 Argentina as an =E2=80=9Calmost unlimited=E2=80=9D land (Garavaglia,=20 1989), metaphorically described as a desert that could be = transformed for=20 production through the submission of the environment (Pengue,=20 2003) and the local populations (Navarro=20 Floria, 1999). Although these material and representational = practices=20 started in Argentina long ago, they played a central role in the massive = diffusion of soybean production in recent years. At the same time, key = roles=20 were played by a series of institutions (e.g. increasing offers of = credits for=20 investments in phytosanitary control, especially herbicides during the = 1970s (Le=C3=B3n=20 et al., 1987)) and innovations in land tenure arrangements. With the = introduction of the GR technology package, intensification under the = efficiency=20 paradigm became the sole productive alternative (Pengue,=20 2004).

In these processes, weed management was identified as the bottleneck = for the=20 production model, and great expenses of capital and labour were devoted = to weed=20 control. As the example of johnsongrass illustrates, the =E2=80=9Cmagic = bullet=E2=80=9D approach=20 was favoured. As discussed by Scott=20 (2005), this term was first coined in biomedicine to refer to a = model=20 centred on the agent as the sole cause of disease. Integrated pest = management=20 literature argues that the approach has been similarly applied to weed=20 management ([Buhler=20 et al., 2000], [Hoy,=20 1998], [Neve,=20 2007] and [Scott,=20 2005]). Synthetic herbicides are aimed to react once the pest has = appeared.=20 However, herbicides are usually employed without analysing ecological = and=20 evolutionary dynamics of the site, nor the social conditions of = application=20 (ibid). This blind spot has also been discussed in the context of=20 herbicide-resistant GMOs ([Altieri,=20 2005], [Altieri=20 and Rosset, 1999], [Appleby,=20 2005], [McAfee,=20 2003] and [Mueller-Schaerer,=20 2002]).

As a consequence of the approach, every pest becomes a target (Prokopy,=20 1987). In that sense, weed control has been equated to weed-free, = and field=20 appearance becomes then a major motivation for weed control (Jones=20 and Medd, 2000). This preoccupation could also partly explain the = increasing=20 glyphosate consumption in Argentina (besides the increment of area sown = with=20 soybeans). As a single post-emergence application is insufficient to = achieve=20 total weed control, repeated applications are needed. This approach has = been=20 metaphorically identified by critics of GM technology as =E2=80=9Cgreen = concrete=E2=80=9D, since=20 no other plant, except the crop, can grow (Levidow=20 and Carr, 2007). However, from an economic point of view, the = optimum level=20 of weed control may be less than 100% unless if it is assumed that the = crop is=20 infinitely valuable or control costs are zero (Mart=C3=ADnez-Ghersa = et al., 2003).

A =E2=80=98golden moment=E2=80=99 of soybean production gave momentum = to the magic bullet=20 approach. The harvest of 2007/2008 broke the historical records for = soybean=20 yield and price (in part due to the sharply escalating biofuels demand) = giving=20 support to the technological optimism that drives industrial agriculture = in=20 Argentina. However, the GR technology may be judged as a technological = lock-in,=20 discouraging the adoption of weed-resistance preventive measures and = unable to=20 cope with GR weeds. As this case study shows, Argentinean farmers were = deskilled=20 at an extraordinary speed, becoming weed =E2=80=9Cilliterates=E2=80=9D = as they forgot early=20 attempts to integrate pest management. In that sense, literature on path = dependency points out that dynamic increasing returns imply that, once = chosen, a=20 technology path has the tendency to be stretched. Results from our case = study=20 coincide with the findings of Cowan=20 and Gunley (1996), who explain this path dependency by the interplay = of=20 three factors which determine the low rate of adoption of integrated = pest=20 management as an alternative to chemical management: (a) initial low = payoff for=20 this technology, as the necessary knowledge is not available; (b) = uncertainty on=20 the outcomes; and (c) =E2=80=9Ccoordination=E2=80=9D problems among = farmers in terms of the=20 effects that neighbouring practices have on their own fields. All these = factors=20 were fostered in this case by =E2=80=9Cglyphosate = dependence=E2=80=9D.

Recommendations generally assume that the management strategy of an=20 individual farmer shapes the future incidence of herbicide-resistant = weeds in=20 his/her fields (see, e.g. Dill=20 et al., 2008). However, as weeds act as a common factor (Regev=20 et al., 1976), appearance of herbicide-resistant weeds, or their = control,=20 depend on the weakest point of the system, i.e. the least effective = farmer. The=20 scale would depend on the potential range of spread by the weed (Perrings=20 et al., 2002). As a result, from an individual farmer=E2=80=99s = point of view,=20 investing in preventing the emergence of herbicide-resistant populations = in a=20 field, might not capture the future benefits of having avoided the costs = of=20 managing the herbicide-resistant weed (Llewellyn=20 and Allen, 2006), especially in a situation of annual lease regimes. = If the=20 necessary cooperation between farmers is not enhanced, only adaptation = or=20 reactive measures can be taken. In a highly competitive context, = preventive=20 management needs an institutional setting that establishes regulations = and=20 responsibilities.

From a societal point of view, reactive measures favour those with = the=20 resources to adapt to new conditions while transferring risks to society = and the=20 environment (Perrings,=20 2005). Mueller=20 et al. (2005) argue that glyphosate in conjunction with GR crops = allows=20 farmers to manage more hectares and increase overall productivity and=20 profitability. However, this raises equity concerns, in particular those = related=20 to access to resources and finances. For instance, from the analysis of = rural=20 dynamics after the introduction of GR soybeans and the emergence of GR=20 johnsongrass in Argentina, it can be argued that small and medium-sized = farmers=20 are left in a more precarious position. Having small plots makes them = more=20 vulnerable to the neighbourhood effect. Moreover, the economic and land = tenure=20 (e.g. annual lease contracts) structure discourages the farmers from = investing=20 in uncertain alternative practices, which require long-term planning or=20 restructuring time. The environmental history of johnsongrass in = Argentina shows=20 that when it was not possible to control this weed, farmers directly = abandoned=20 the land or sold it.

As a result of the intensification of the agricultural model, the = appearance=20 of GR johnsongrass becomes a driver for further concentration while = opening new=20 markets for technology suppliers. Proposed strategies to deal with the = situation=20 rely on reactive measures, potentially causing a series of = externalities.=20 Impacts of the potential increment of herbicide use on human health and = the=20 environment should be further analyzed. The =E2=80=98chemical = paradigm=E2=80=99 is again the=20 keystone of the strategy. Since new herbicide developments seem to be in = a=20 deadlock, two routes can be followed if one wants to stay within this = paradigm:=20 either add one of the available herbicides to the glyphosate = technological=20 package directly, or incorporate the technology through the seed. In = that sense,=20 although aiming to overcome the effects of the previous GR crop = generation, this=20 =E2=80=9Cnew generation=E2=80=9D of GM crops strengthens the same = paradigm. As a new magic=20 bullet, this process may represent a new form of herbicide = intensification: the=20 =E2=80=9Ctransgenic treadmill=E2=80=9D.

Acknowledgements

This study is part of the EU-funded research project ALARM=20 (Assessing LArge-scale = environmental=20 Risks for biodiversity with tested = Methods=20 (GOCE-CT-2003-506675)). We are grateful to James Klepek, Nicolas = Kosoy,=20 Joan Martinez Alier, Roger Strand, Christos Zografos and three anonymous = referees for their comments on early versions of the article. We are=20 particularly grateful to all the stakeholders who collaborated in the = research=20 process.

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Corresponding author.

¹ = Non-tillage=20 practices belong to agronomic conservation systems in which the crop is = sown=20 over the stubble of the former crop. The soil is not turned over and = worked with=20 the minimum movement possible. The system facilitates erosion reduction = and=20 higher production under continuous agriculture.
² = The=20 aim of integrated weed management (IWM) is to use of a combination of = different=20 practices to maintain weed densities at manageable levels. Methods = include=20 cultural practices, use of biological, physical, and genetic control = agents, and=20 the selective use of herbicides. For more on IWM see (Buhler=20 et al., 2000) and (Mueller-Schaerer,=20 2002).
³ = For=20 a discussion on human health impacts derived from glyphosate utilization = in=20 Argentina refer to Bradford=20 (2004).

Note to users: The section = "Articles in=20 Press" contains peer reviewed accepted articles to be published in = this=20 journal. When the final article is assigned to an issue of the = journal,=20 the "Article in Press" version will be removed from this section = and will=20 appear in the associated published journal issue. The date it was = first=20 made available online will be carried over. Please be aware that = although=20 "Articles in Press" do not have all bibliographic details = available yet,=20 they can already be cited using the year of online publication and = the DOI=20 as follows: Author(s), Article Title, Journal (Year), DOI. Please = consult=20 the journal's reference style for the exact appearance of these = elements,=20 abbreviation of journal names and the use of punctuation. =

There are three types of "Articles in Press":

Accepted manuscripts: these are articles that have = been peer=20 reviewed and accepted for publication by the Editorial Board. = The=20 articles have not yet been copy edited and/or formatted in the = journal=20 house style.=20
Uncorrected proofs: these are copy edited and = formatted=20 articles that are not yet finalized and that will be corrected = by the=20 authors. Therefore the text could change before final = publication.=20
Corrected proofs: these are articles containing the = authors'=20 corrections and may, or may not yet have specific issue and page = numbers=20 = assigned.

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Article in Press, Corrected = Proof -=20 Note=20 to users

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PADDING-TOP: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM: 0px; POSITION: = absolute; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ffffff } .MMCvVideoComponent { BORDER-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; BORDER-TOP: 0px; DISPLAY: block; = PADDING-LEFT: 0px; LEFT: 345px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN: 0px 195px = 0px 0px; BORDER-LEFT: 0px; WIDTH: 340px; PADDING-TOP: 0px; = BORDER-BOTTOM: 0px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 0px } .MMCvAudioComponent { BORDER-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; BORDER-TOP: 0px; DISPLAY: block; = PADDING-LEFT: 0px; LEFT: 345px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN: 0px 195px = 0px 0px; BORDER-LEFT: 0px; WIDTH: 340px; PADDING-TOP: 0px; = BORDER-BOTTOM: 0px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 0px } .MMCvOtherComponent { BORDER-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; BORDER-TOP: 0px; DISPLAY: block; = PADDING-LEFT: 0px; LEFT: 345px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN: 0px 195px = 0px 0px; BORDER-LEFT: 0px; WIDTH: 340px; PADDING-TOP: 0px; = BORDER-BOTTOM: 0px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 0px } .MMCvCaptionArea { BORDER-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; BORDER-TOP: 0px; OVERFLOW-Y: = hidden; DISPLAY: block; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; FLOAT: right; OVERFLOW-X: = hidden; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN: 0px; OVERFLOW: hidden; BORDER-LEFT: = 0px; WIDTH: 195px; PADDING-TOP: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM: 0px } .MMCvCaptionWrapper { BORDER-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; BORDER-TOP: 0px; OVERFLOW-Y: = hidden; DISPLAY: block; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; OVERFLOW-X: hidden; = PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN: 0px; OVERFLOW: hidden; BORDER-LEFT: 0px; = WIDTH: 195px; PADDING-TOP: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM: 0px } .MMCvCaption { BORDER-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 5px; BORDER-TOP: 0px; DISPLAY: block; = PADDING-LEFT: 5px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 5px; MARGIN: 0px; BORDER-LEFT: 0px; = WIDTH: 195px; PADDING-TOP: 5px; BORDER-BOTTOM: 0px } .MMCvMoreSpacer { BORDER-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; BORDER-TOP: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: = 0px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 2px; MARGIN: 0px; BORDER-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-TOP: = 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 1px dashed } .MMCvMoreWrapper { BORDER-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 5px; BORDER-TOP: 0px; DISPLAY: none; = PADDING-LEFT: 5px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN: 0px; BORDER-LEFT: 0px; = WIDTH: 195px; CURSOR: pointer; COLOR: #0000ff; PADDING-TOP: 0px; = BORDER-BOTTOM: 0px } .MMCvLessWrapper { BORDER-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 5px; BORDER-TOP: 0px; DISPLAY: none; = PADDING-LEFT: 5px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN: 0px; BORDER-LEFT: 0px; = WIDTH: 195px; CURSOR: pointer; COLOR: #0000ff; PADDING-TOP: 0px; = BORDER-BOTTOM: 0px } .MMCvImageArea { BORDER-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 5px; BORDER-TOP: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: = 5px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 5px; MARGIN: 0px; BORDER-LEFT: 0px; WIDTH: 138px; = PADDING-TOP: 5px; BORDER-BOTTOM: 0px } .MMCvImage { BORDER-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; BORDER-TOP: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: = 0px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN: 0px; BORDER-LEFT: 0px; WIDTH: 128px; = PADDING-TOP: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM: 0px } .MMCvViewWithin { BORDER-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; BORDER-TOP: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: = 0px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN: 0px; BORDER-LEFT: 0px; WIDTH: 128px; = PADDING-TOP: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM: 0px } #shadow-container { PADDING-RIGHT: 10px; LEFT: 3px; FLOAT: left; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 3px; = PADDING-BOTTOM: 10px; MARGIN-RIGHT: 3px; PADDING-TOP: 10px; POSITION: = relative; TOP: 3px } .shadow1 { LEFT: -1px; WIDTH: 220px; POSITION: relative; TOP: -1px } .shadow2 { LEFT: -1px; WIDTH: 220px; POSITION: relative; TOP: -1px } .shadow3 { LEFT: -1px; WIDTH: 220px; POSITION: relative; TOP: -1px } .container { LEFT: -1px; WIDTH: 220px; POSITION: relative; TOP: -1px } .shadow1 { BACKGROUND: #f1f1f1; WIDTH: 220px } .shadow2 { BACKGROUND: #dbdadb } .shadow3 { BACKGROUND: #b8b6b8 } .container { PADDING-RIGHT: 8px; PADDING-LEFT: 8px; FONT-SIZE: 1.1em; = PADDING-BOTTOM: 8px; WIDTH: 220px; COLOR: #555555; PADDING-TOP: 8px; = FONT-FAMILY: Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; BACKGROUND-COLOR: = #f2f2f2 } .alphaNavSIBorder { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 1.2em; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN: 1px; = BORDER-BOTTOM: #cccccc 1px dashed } UL.artAlphaNavBar { DISPLAY: block } UL.artAlphaNavBar LI { PADDING-RIGHT: 3px; DISPLAY: inline; PADDING-LEFT: 3px; BORDER-LEFT: = #999999 1px solid; LIST-STYLE-TYPE: none } DL DL DL { PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN: = 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 100%; PADDING-TOP: 0px } DT { PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN: = 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 14pt; PADDING-TOP: 0px } DD { PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN: = 10px; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; PADDING-TOP: 0px } DL P { MARGIN-LEFT: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 100% } DT P { MARGIN-LEFT: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 100% } DD P { MARGIN-LEFT: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 100% } ------=_NextPart_000_0000_01C9DF6F.C85D9570 Content-Type: text/css; charset="iso-8859-1" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Location: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/page/static/stylesheets/css_gen_v01.css BODY { MARGIN: 0.4em 0em 0em } DIV { FONT-SIZE: 1em; FONT-FAMILY: arial, verdana, helvetica, sans-serif } HTML { FONT-SIZE: 1em; FONT-FAMILY: arial, verdana, helvetica, sans-serif } IMG { FONT-SIZE: 1em; FONT-FAMILY: arial, verdana, helvetica, sans-serif } INPUT { FONT-SIZE: 1em; FONT-FAMILY: arial, verdana, helvetica, sans-serif } SELECT { FONT-SIZE: 1em; FONT-FAMILY: arial, verdana, helvetica, sans-serif } TABLE { FONT-SIZE: 1em; FONT-FAMILY: arial, verdana, helvetica, sans-serif } TD { FONT-SIZE: 1em; FONT-FAMILY: arial, verdana, helvetica, sans-serif } LI { FONT-SIZE: 1em; FONT-FAMILY: arial, verdana, helvetica, sans-serif } .pageText { FONT-SIZE: 1em; FONT-FAMILY: arial, verdana, helvetica, sans-serif } .alertMsg { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; COLOR: #ff0000 } .errMsg { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; COLOR: #ff0000 } DIV.msgBox { BORDER-RIGHT: #dedede 1px solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5px; BORDER-TOP: = #dedede 1px solid; PADDING-LEFT: 5px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 6px; BORDER-LEFT: = #dedede 1px solid; WIDTH: 80%; PADDING-TOP: 6px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #dedede = 1px solid } DIV.imgIcon { PADDING-RIGHT: 5px; FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FLOAT: left; COLOR: #ff0000 } DIV.imgIcon H3 { PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; FONT-SIZE: 1em; PADDING-BOTTOM: = 0px; MARGIN: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px } DIV.errMsgText { PADDING-LEFT: 26px; FONT-WEIGHT: bold; COLOR: #ff0000 } DIV.alertMsgText { PADDING-LEFT: 26px; FONT-WEIGHT: bold; COLOR: #ff0000 } DIV.confirmMsgText { PADDING-LEFT: 26px; FONT-WEIGHT: bold; COLOR: #000000 } DIV.infoMsgText { PADDING-LEFT: 26px; FONT-WEIGHT: bold; COLOR: #000000 } DIV.msgText { PADDING-LEFT: 50px; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; COLOR: #000000 } DIV.errMsgText A { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; COLOR: #ff0000 } DIV.alertMsgText A { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; COLOR: #ff0000 } DIV.confirmMsgText A { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; COLOR: #000000 } DIV.infoMsgText A { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; COLOR: #000000 } DIV.msgText A { FONT-WEIGHT: normal } .pageHeading { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 150%; MARGIN: 5px 0px 0px 5px; COLOR: = #8cc919; FONT-FAMILY: arial, verdana, helvetica, sans-serif } .pageHeadingBlack { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 150%; MARGIN: 5px 0px 0px 5px; COLOR: = black; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif } .pageContent { MARGIN: 5px } #sdLoginBox { PADDING-RIGHT: 0.1em; BACKGROUND-POSITION: left bottom; PADDING-LEFT: = 0.1em; FONT-SIZE: 0.8em; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.1em; OVERFLOW: hidden; WIDTH: = 29.5em; PADDING-TOP: 0.1em; BACKGROUND-REPEAT: repeat-x; HEIGHT: 6.7em; = BACKGROUND-COLOR: #dddddd } #sdLoginBox INPUT { FONT-SIZE: 0.9em } #sdLoginBox DIV { FONT-SIZE: 1em; FONT-FAMILY: arial, verdana, helvetica, sans-serif } #sdLoginBox HTML { FONT-SIZE: 1em; FONT-FAMILY: arial, verdana, helvetica, sans-serif } #sdLoginBox IMG { FONT-SIZE: 1em; FONT-FAMILY: arial, verdana, helvetica, sans-serif } #sdLoginBox INPUT { FONT-SIZE: 1em; FONT-FAMILY: arial, verdana, helvetica, sans-serif } #sdLoginBox SELECT { FONT-SIZE: 1em; FONT-FAMILY: arial, verdana, helvetica, sans-serif } #sdLoginBox TABLE { FONT-SIZE: 1em; FONT-FAMILY: arial, verdana, helvetica, sans-serif } #sdLoginBox TD { FONT-SIZE: 1em; FONT-FAMILY: arial, verdana, helvetica, sans-serif } #sdLoginBoxFold { OVERFLOW: hidden; TEXT-ALIGN: right } #sdQuickSearch TABLE { FONT-SIZE: 1em; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.3em } #sdQuickSearch INPUT { FONT-SIZE: 1em } #sdQuickSearch TD { FONT-FAMILY: arial, verdana, helvetica, sans-serif } #sdBody { FONT-SIZE: 75%; PADDING-BOTTOM: 4px; WIDTH: 100%; PADDING-TOP: 4px; = FONT-FAMILY: arial, verdana, helvetica, sans-serif } A.ActionButton { TEXT-DECORATION: none } A.ActionButton:hover { TEXT-DECORATION: underline } A.ActionButton:hover:visited { TEXT-DECORATION: underline } #a:link .Active { TEXT-DECORATION: underline } A:visited .Active { TEXT-DECORATION: underline } .ActionButtonDisabled { COLOR: #999999; TEXT-DECORATION: none } A { TEXT-DECORATION: none } A:link { TEXT-DECORATION: none } A:hover { TEXT-DECORATION: underline } A.linkclosed:hover { COLOR: white; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #777777; TEXT-DECORATION: none } A.linkopen { COLOR: white; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #777777; TEXT-DECORATION: none } A.linkopen:link { COLOR: white; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #777777; TEXT-DECORATION: none } A.linkopen:visited { COLOR: white; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #777777; TEXT-DECORATION: none } A.linkopen:active { COLOR: white; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #777777; TEXT-DECORATION: none } SPAN.linkopen { COLOR: white; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #777777; TEXT-DECORATION: none } .linknoborder IMG { BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium = none; BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none } .linkdisabled { COLOR: #999999 } INPUT.xpstyle { BORDER-RIGHT: #666666 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #666666 1px solid; = BORDER-LEFT: #666666 1px solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: #666666 1px solid } INPUT.qsinput { FONT-FAMILY: arial, verdana, helvetica, sans-serif; HEIGHT: 1.6em } TABLE.sdMainNav { BACKGROUND-POSITION: left top; MARGIN-TOP: 0.2em; FONT-SIZE: 1em; = WIDTH: 100%; BORDER-BOTTOM: black 0.1em solid; BACKGROUND-REPEAT: = repeat-x; HEIGHT: 2em } TD.sdMainNav { BACKGROUND-POSITION: left top; BACKGROUND-REPEAT: repeat-x } .sci_dirNav { BACKGROUND-COLOR: #6c9d31 } .sci_dirNavActive { =09 } .blueNav { BACKGROUND-COLOR: #0000aa } .blueNavActive { COLOR: #0000aa; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #bad3f3 } .redNav { BACKGROUND-COLOR: #990000 } .redNavActive { COLOR: #990000; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #f7cece } .greyNav { BACKGROUND-COLOR: #7f7f7f } .greyNavActive { COLOR: #7f7f7f; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #e6e6e6 } .greenNav { BACKGROUND-COLOR: #007703 } .greenNavActive { COLOR: #007703; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #c2edc0 } .orangeNav { BACKGROUND-COLOR: #cc5200 } .orangeNavActive { COLOR: #cc5200; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ffdfca } TABLE.sdMainNav A:hover { TEXT-DECORATION: none } TABLE.sdMainNavCenter TD { FONT-SIZE: 1em; BORDER-LEFT: white 0.01em solid; HEIGHT: 1.82em } TABLE.sdMainNavCenter TBODY { FONT-SIZE: 1em } TD { FONT-SIZE: 1em } TR { FONT-SIZE: 1em } DIV { FONT-SIZE: 1em } TABLE.sdMainNavCenter { BORDER-RIGHT: white 0.01em solid; HEIGHT: 1.82em } TABLE.sdMainNav A { FONT-WEIGHT: normal; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.33em; VERTICAL-ALIGN: middle; = COLOR: white; PADDING-TOP: 0.19em; HEIGHT: 1.82em; TEXT-DECORATION: none } TABLE.sdMainNav A:link { FONT-WEIGHT: normal; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.33em; VERTICAL-ALIGN: middle; = COLOR: white; PADDING-TOP: 0.19em; HEIGHT: 1.82em; TEXT-DECORATION: none } TABLE.sdMainNav A:visited { FONT-WEIGHT: normal; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.33em; VERTICAL-ALIGN: middle; = COLOR: white; PADDING-TOP: 0.19em; HEIGHT: 1.82em; TEXT-DECORATION: none } DIV.sdMainNavPadding { PADDING-RIGHT: 1em; PADDING-LEFT: 1em } .alphaDivider { DISPLAY: inline; WIDTH: 0px; POSITION: relative; HEIGHT: 0px } .alphaSelect { LEFT: 0px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: -11px; HEIGHT: 14px; = BACKGROUND-COLOR: #777777 } .libBannerText { FONT-SIZE: smaller; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif } .sci_dirBtn { BACKGROUND-COLOR: #7aa544 } .sci_dirBtnHov { COLOR: #ffffff; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #1d6b2f } .blueBtn { BACKGROUND-COLOR: #0000aa } .blueBtnHov { COLOR: #0000aa; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #bad3f3 } .greenBtn { BACKGROUND-COLOR: #007703 } .greenBtnHov { COLOR: #007703; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #c2edc0 } .greyBtn { BACKGROUND-COLOR: #7f7f7f } .greyBtnHov { COLOR: #7f7f7f; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #e6e6e6 } .redBtn { BACKGROUND-COLOR: #990000 } .redBtnHov { COLOR: #990000; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #f7cece } .orangeBtn { BACKGROUND-COLOR: #cc5200 } .orangeBtnHov { COLOR: #cc5200; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ffdfca } INPUT.btn { BORDER-RIGHT: #666666 1px solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 1px; BORDER-TOP: = #666666 1px solid; PADDING-LEFT: 1px; FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: = 12px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN: 0px 1px 0px 0px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: = middle; OVERFLOW: visible; BORDER-LEFT: #666666 1px solid; WIDTH: auto; = CURSOR: pointer; COLOR: #ffffff; PADDING-TOP: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM: = #666666 1px solid; TEXT-DECORATION: none } INPUT.btnhov { BORDER-RIGHT: #666666 1px solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 1px; BORDER-TOP: = #666666 1px solid; PADDING-LEFT: 1px; FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: = 12px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN: 0px 1px 0px 0px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: = middle; OVERFLOW: visible; BORDER-LEFT: #666666 1px solid; WIDTH: auto; = CURSOR: pointer; PADDING-TOP: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #666666 1px solid; = TEXT-DECORATION: none } A.articleBtn { BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 20px; BORDER-TOP: medium = none; PADDING-LEFT: 20px; FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 12px; = PADDING-BOTTOM: 1px; MARGIN: 0px; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; CURSOR: = pointer; COLOR: #ffffff; PADDING-TOP: 1px; BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; = BACKGROUND-COLOR: #999999; TEXT-DECORATION: none } A.articleBtn:hover { BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 20px; BORDER-TOP: medium = none; PADDING-LEFT: 20px; FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 12px; = PADDING-BOTTOM: 1px; MARGIN: 0px; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; CURSOR: = pointer; COLOR: #ffffff; PADDING-TOP: 1px; BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; = BACKGROUND-COLOR: #999999; TEXT-DECORATION: none } A.articleBtnActive { CURSOR: default; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #7aa544; TEXT-DECORATION: none } A.articleBtnActive:hover { CURSOR: default; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #7aa544; TEXT-DECORATION: none } A.articleBtn:hover { BACKGROUND-COLOR: #7aa544 } A.btn { BORDER-RIGHT: #666666 1px solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5px; BORDER-TOP: = #666666 1px solid; PADDING-LEFT: 5px; FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: = 12px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1px; MARGIN: 0px 1px 0px 0px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: = middle; BORDER-LEFT: #666666 1px solid; COLOR: #ffffff; PADDING-TOP: = 1px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #666666 1px solid; FONT-FAMILY: arial, verdana, = helvetica, sans-serif; HEIGHT: 1.17em; TEXT-DECORATION: none } A.btn:hover { BORDER-RIGHT: #666666 1px solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5px; BORDER-TOP: = #666666 1px solid; PADDING-LEFT: 5px; FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: = 12px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1px; MARGIN: 0px 1px 0px 0px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: = middle; BORDER-LEFT: #666666 1px solid; COLOR: #ffffff; PADDING-TOP: = 1px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #666666 1px solid; FONT-FAMILY: arial, verdana, = helvetica, sans-serif; HEIGHT: 1.17em; TEXT-DECORATION: none } A.sci_dirBtn { BACKGROUND-COLOR: #7aa544 } A.sci_dirBtn:hover { COLOR: #ffffff; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #1d6b2f } A.blueBtn { BACKGROUND-COLOR: #0000aa } A.blueBtn:hover { COLOR: #0000aa; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #bad3f3 } A.greenBtn { BACKGROUND-COLOR: #007703 } A.greenBtn:hover { COLOR: #007703; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #c2edc0 } A.greyBtn { BACKGROUND-COLOR: #7f7f7f } A.greyBtn:hover { COLOR: #7f7f7f; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #e6e6e6 } A.redBtn { BACKGROUND-COLOR: #990000 } A.redBtn:hover { COLOR: #990000; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #f7cece } A.orangeBtn { BACKGROUND-COLOR: #cc5200 } A.orangeBtn:hover { COLOR: #cc5200; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ffdfca } A.noul:hover { TEXT-DECORATION: none } .tableFmBg { PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; BORDER-TOP: #8cc919 2px solid; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; = PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM: = #8cc919 2px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #efefef } .sci_dirBorder { BORDER-TOP: #8cc919 2px solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: #8cc919 2px solid } .blueBorder { BORDER-TOP: #0000aa 2px solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: #0000aa 2px solid } .greenBorder { BORDER-TOP: #007703 2px solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: #007703 2px solid } .greyBorder { BORDER-TOP: #7f7f7f 2px solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: #7f7f7f 2px solid } .redBorder { BORDER-TOP: #990000 2px solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: #990000 2px solid } .orangeBorder { BORDER-TOP: #cc5200 2px solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: #cc5200 2px solid } .sci_dirBorderBtm { BORDER-BOTTOM: #8cc919 2px solid } .blueBorderBtm { BORDER-BOTTOM: #0000aa 2px solid } .greenBorderBtm { BORDER-BOTTOM: #007703 2px solid } .greyBorderBtm { BORDER-BOTTOM: #7f7f7f 2px solid } .redBorderBtm { BORDER-BOTTOM: #990000 2px solid } .orangeBorderBtm { BORDER-BOTTOM: #cc5200 2px solid } .sci_dirBoxBorder { BORDER-RIGHT: #8cc919 2px solid; BORDER-TOP: #8cc919 2px solid; = BORDER-LEFT: #8cc919 2px solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: #8cc919 2px solid } .blueBoxBorder { BORDER-RIGHT: #0000aa 2px solid; BORDER-TOP: #0000aa 2px solid; = BORDER-LEFT: #0000aa 2px solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: #0000aa 2px solid } .greenBoxBorder { BORDER-RIGHT: #007703 2px solid; BORDER-TOP: #007703 2px solid; = BORDER-LEFT: #007703 2px solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: #007703 2px solid } .greyBoxBorder { BORDER-RIGHT: #7f7f7f 2px solid; BORDER-TOP: #7f7f7f 2px solid; = BORDER-LEFT: #7f7f7f 2px solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: #7f7f7f 2px solid } .redBoxBorder { BORDER-RIGHT: #990000 2px solid; BORDER-TOP: #990000 2px solid; = BORDER-LEFT: #990000 2px solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: #990000 2px solid } .orangeBoxBorder { BORDER-RIGHT: #cc5200 2px solid; BORDER-TOP: #cc5200 2px solid; = BORDER-LEFT: #cc5200 2px solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: #cc5200 2px solid } .tableFmBgGray { FONT-SIZE: 1em; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; = BACKGROUND-COLOR: #efefef } .tableFmBgGrayNoCell { PADDING-RIGHT: 5px; PADDING-LEFT: 5px; FONT-SIZE: 1em; PADDING-BOTTOM: = 5px; MARGIN: 5px; PADDING-TOP: 5px; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, = sans-serif; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #efefef } .tableFmBgPad { MARGIN-TOP: 5px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 5px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 5px; PADDING-TOP: = 5px; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #efefef } .tableFmCell { PADDING-LEFT: 10px; FONT-WEIGHT: bold; PADDING-BOTTOM: 3px; = MARGIN-LEFT: 10px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; PADDING-TOP: 3px; TEXT-ALIGN: = right } .tableFmCellTop { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; PADDING-TOP: 0px; TEXT-ALIGN: = right } .tableFmCellAbove { PADDING-RIGHT: 5px; PADDING-LEFT: 5px; FONT-WEIGHT: bold; = PADDING-BOTTOM: 5px; PADDING-TOP: 5px; TEXT-ALIGN: left } .tableFmCellL { PADDING-LEFT: 10px; FONT-WEIGHT: bold; PADDING-BOTTOM: 3px; = MARGIN-LEFT: 10px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; PADDING-TOP: 3px; TEXT-ALIGN: = left } .tableFmDivider { PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN: = 0px; WIDTH: 100%; PADDING-TOP: 0px; HEIGHT: 2px; BACKGROUND-COLOR: = #ffffff } .redtableFmDivider { PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN: = 0px; WIDTH: 100%; PADDING-TOP: 0px; HEIGHT: 2px; BACKGROUND-COLOR: = #990000 } .SDtxtLarger { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: larger; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, = sans-serif } .SDtxtSmall { FONT-SIZE: xx-small; COLOR: #000000; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, = sans-serif } .SDtxtSmallBold { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 0.9em } .SDtxtNote { FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 1em; COLOR: #000000; FONT-FAMILY: = arial, helvetica, sans-serif } .SDtxtNoteSmall { FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 10px; COLOR: #000000; FONT-FAMILY: = arial, helvetica, sans-serif } .SDtxtPgTitleBlack { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 150%; COLOR: #000000; FONT-FAMILY: arial, = helvetica, sans-serif } A.errMsg { COLOR: #ff0000; TEXT-DECORATION: none } A.errMsg:hover { TEXT-DECORATION: underline } .boldText { FONT-WEIGHT: bold } .sci_dirColor { COLOR: #7aa544 } .blueColor { COLOR: #0000aa } .greenColor { COLOR: #007703 } .greyColor { COLOR: #7f7f7f } .redColor { COLOR: #990000 } .orangeColor { COLOR: #cc5200 } .tablePlainWhite { PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; = PADDING-TOP: 0px; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ffffff } .inputBox { BORDER-RIGHT: #666666 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #666666 1px solid; = FONT-SIZE: 1em; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-LEFT: #666666 1px solid; = BORDER-BOTTOM: #666666 1px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ffffff } A.tabActive { BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 20px; BORDER-TOP: medium = none; PADDING-LEFT: 20px; FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 1em; = PADDING-BOTTOM: 1px; MARGIN: 0px 2px 0px 0px; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; = COLOR: #ffffff; PADDING-TOP: 1px; BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; = TEXT-DECORATION: none } A.tabActive:hover { BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 20px; BORDER-TOP: medium = none; PADDING-LEFT: 20px; FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 1em; = PADDING-BOTTOM: 1px; MARGIN: 0px 2px 0px 0px; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; = COLOR: #ffffff; PADDING-TOP: 1px; BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; = TEXT-DECORATION: none } A.tab { BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 20px; BORDER-TOP: medium = none; PADDING-LEFT: 20px; FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 1em; = PADDING-BOTTOM: 1px; MARGIN: 0px 2px 0px 0px; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; = COLOR: #ffffff; PADDING-TOP: 1px; BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; = BACKGROUND-COLOR: #999999; TEXT-DECORATION: none } A.tab:hover { BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 20px; BORDER-TOP: medium = none; PADDING-LEFT: 20px; FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 1em; = PADDING-BOTTOM: 1px; MARGIN: 0px 2px 0px 0px; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; = COLOR: #ffffff; PADDING-TOP: 1px; BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; = BACKGROUND-COLOR: #999999; TEXT-DECORATION: none } A.sci_dirTabActive { CURSOR: default; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #7aa544; TEXT-DECORATION: none } A.sci_dirTabActive:hover { CURSOR: default; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #7aa544; TEXT-DECORATION: none } A.sci_dirTab:hover { BACKGROUND-COLOR: #7aa544 } A.blueTabActive { CURSOR: default; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #0000aa; TEXT-DECORATION: none } A.blueTabActive:hover { CURSOR: default; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #0000aa; TEXT-DECORATION: none } A.blueTab:hover { BACKGROUND-COLOR: #0000aa } A.greenTabActive { CURSOR: default; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #007703; TEXT-DECORATION: none } A.greenTabActive:hover { CURSOR: default; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #007703; TEXT-DECORATION: none } A.greenTab:hover { BACKGROUND-COLOR: 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underline } INPUT.nextPrev { BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 1px; BORDER-TOP: medium none; = PADDING-LEFT: 1px; FONT-SIZE: 1em; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN: 0px 5px; = VERTICAL-ALIGN: middle; OVERFLOW: visible; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; = WIDTH: auto; COLOR: #0000ee; PADDING-TOP: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM: medium = none; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; TEXT-DECORATION: none } INPUT.nextPrevHov { BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 1px; BORDER-TOP: medium none; = PADDING-LEFT: 1px; FONT-SIZE: 1em; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN: 0px 5px; = VERTICAL-ALIGN: middle; OVERFLOW: visible; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; = WIDTH: auto; COLOR: #0000ee; PADDING-TOP: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM: medium = none; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; TEXT-DECORATION: underline } INPUT.listAction { BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 1px; BORDER-TOP: medium none; = PADDING-LEFT: 1px; FONT-SIZE: 0.95em; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN: 0px = 5px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: middle; OVERFLOW: visible; BORDER-LEFT: medium = none; WIDTH: auto; CURSOR: pointer; COLOR: #000000; PADDING-TOP: 0px; = BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; = TEXT-DECORATION: none } .smCaps { FONT-VARIANT: small-caps } .nowrap { WHITE-SPACE: nowrap } SPAN.hit { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; COLOR: #ff0000 } SPAN.bf { FONT-WEIGHT: bold } SPAN.it { FONT-STYLE: italic } SPAN.monospace { FONT-FAMILY: courier } SPAN.sans-serif { FONT-FAMILY: sans-serif } SPAN.underline { TEXT-DECORATION: underline } SPAN.pit { FONT-SIZE: 0.9em; COLOR: #737373; FONT-FAMILY: arial, verdana, = helvetica, sans-serif } .charImg { BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; BORDER-TOP: medium none; VERTICAL-ALIGN: = baseline; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none } SPAN.cross-out { TEXT-DECORATION: line-through } .h1 { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 2em; FONT-FAMILY: = arial,verdana,helvetica,sans-serif } .h2 { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 1.3em; FONT-FAMILY: = arial,verdana,helvetica,sans-serif } .h3 { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 1.2em; FONT-FAMILY: = arial,verdana,helvetica,sans-serif } .h4 { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 1.1em; FONT-FAMILY: = arial,verdana,helvetica,sans-serif } .h5 { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 1em; FONT-FAMILY: = arial,verdana,helvetica,sans-serif } .ImageScroller { OVERFLOW: auto; WIDTH: 100% } .ImageScrollerPurchHist { OVERFLOW: auto; WIDTH: 455px } .ImageScrollerPurchCurr { OVERFLOW: auto; WIDTH: 415px } DIV.auto_complete { BORDER-RIGHT: #888 1px solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; BORDER-TOP: #888 1px = solid; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; Z-INDEX: 100; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN: = 0px; BORDER-LEFT: #888 1px solid; WIDTH: 250px; PADDING-TOP: 0px; = BORDER-BOTTOM: #888 1px solid; POSITION: absolute; BACKGROUND-COLOR: = white } DIV.auto_complete UL { PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN: = 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px; LIST-STYLE-TYPE: none } DIV.auto_complete UL LI.selected { COLOR: white; BACKGROUND-COLOR: blue } DIV.auto_complete UL LI { PADDING-RIGHT: 2px; DISPLAY: block; PADDING-LEFT: 2px; PADDING-BOTTOM: = 2px; MARGIN: 0px; CURSOR: pointer; PADDING-TOP: 2px; LIST-STYLE-TYPE: = none } .previewBox { BORDER-RIGHT: 1px solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 10px; BORDER-TOP: 1px solid; = DISPLAY: none; PADDING-LEFT: 10px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 10px; BORDER-LEFT: = 1px solid; WIDTH: 95%; PADDING-TOP: 10px; BORDER-BOTTOM: 1px solid; = HEIGHT: 325px; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #eeeeee } .previewBar1 { CLEAR: both; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.5em; DISPLAY: block; PADDING-LEFT: 0.5em; = FLOAT: none; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.5em; PADDING-TOP: 0.5em; = BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ffffff } .previewBar2 { DISPLAY: block; FONT-WEIGHT: bold; WIDTH: 100%; BORDER-BOTTOM: #cccccc = 1px solid; HEIGHT: 20px } .previewContent { PADDING-RIGHT: 0.5em; PADDING-LEFT: 0.5em; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.5em; = OVERFLOW: auto; PADDING-TOP: 0.5em; HEIGHT: 280px; BACKGROUND-COLOR: = #ffffff } .txtHidden { LEFT: 0px; OVERFLOW: hidden; WIDTH: 1px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: = -500px; HEIGHT: 1px } .font1 { FONT-SIZE: 0.8em } .font2 { FONT-SIZE: 0.9em } .font3 { 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{method:'get'});=0A= }=0A= }=0A= else {=0A= mlktItems.style.display =3D 'none';=0A= document.getElementById('mlktArrow').src =3D imgFlip;=0A= new Ajax.Request(urlPrefix+'/mlkt/0', {method:'get'});=0A= }=0A= }=0A= =0A= function mlktHover(hoverOver, imgPrefix) {=0A= var mlktItems =3D document.getElementById('mlkt');=0A= var mlktImg =3D document.getElementById('mlktArrow');=0A= if(mlktItems.style.display =3D=3D "none") {=0A= if(hoverOver =3D=3D 1) {=0A= mlktImg.src =3D imgPrefix + 'btn_arrow_down_on.gif';=0A= }=0A= else {=0A= mlktImg.src =3D imgPrefix + 'btn_arrow_down_off.gif';=0A= }=0A= }=0A= else {=0A= if(hoverOver =3D=3D 1) {=0A= mlktImg.src =3D imgPrefix + 'btn_arrow_up_on.gif';=0A= }=0A= else {=0A= mlktImg.src =3D imgPrefix + 'btn_arrow_up_off.gif';=0A= }=0A= }=0A= }=0A= =0A= // referenceBubble.js=0A= var RefPreview =3D {=0A= =0A= previewTimeout: 1,=0A= currentPreview: null,=0A= timeoutPreviewID: null,=0A= =0A= showRef: function(event, elemId, boxId) {=0A= var disableFade =3D 0;=0A= 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var divX =3D refPrev.offsetWidth;=0A= var divY =3D refPrev.offsetHeight;=0A= =0A= if (document.all && !window.opera) {=0A= if (document.documentElement && = document.documentElement.scrollTop) {=0A= maxX =3D document.documentElement.clientWidth + = document.documentElement.scrollLeft - divX;=0A= maxY =3D document.documentElement.clientHeight + = document.documentElement.scrollTop - divY;=0A= y =3D event.clientY + document.documentElement.scrollTop + 10;=0A= x =3D event.clientX + document.documentElement.scrollLeft + 15;=0A= } else {=0A= maxX =3D document.body.clientWidth + document.body.scrollLeft = - divX;=0A= maxY =3D document.body.clientHeight + document.body.scrollTop = - divY;=0A= =0A= y =3D event.clientY + document.body.scrollTop + 10;=0A= x =3D event.clientX + document.body.scrollLeft + 15;=0A= }=0A= } else {=0A= maxX =3D window.innerWidth + window.pageXOffset - divX;=0A= maxY =3D window.innerHeight + window.pageYOffset - divY;=0A= =0A= y =3D event.pageY + 10;=0A= x =3D 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this.currentPreview.style.filter =3D = 'alpha(opacity=3D'+parseInt(100*OPAC)+')';=0A= this.currentPreview.style.opacity =3D OPAC;=0A= if(OPAC<1) {=0A= setTimeout('RefPreview.fadeIn()',25);=0A= }=0A= }=0A= }=0A= }=0A= =0A= // resizableImages.js=0A= //_____________ The following arrays are synched with each other...=0A= var resizableImages =3D new Array();=0A= var resizableImageBaseWidth =3D new Array();=0A= var resizableImageLinks =3D new Array();=0A= //_____________ End of synched arrays=0A= =0A= var resizableRefsInitilized =3D 0;=0A= var NaturalWidthSupported =3D 0;=0A= =0A= =0A= // RESIZE_CLIENT_ADJUST_PX=0A= // -- reflects the amount of space for the FAT TAB Inner div=0A= // and misc margins (...).=0A= var RESIZE_CLIENT_ADJUST_PX =3D 405;=0A= =0A= function setNaturalWidthSupported(inResizableImage) {=0A= if (inResizableImage.naturalWidth)=0A= {=0A= NaturalWidthSupported =3D 1;=0A= } else {=0A= NaturalWidthSupported =3D 0;=0A= }=0A= }=0A= =0A= function getBaseWidth(inImage) {=0A= var baseWidth =3D 0;=0A= if (inImage.naturalWidth)=0A= {=0A= baseWidth =3D inImage.naturalWidth;=0A= } else {=0A= var imageTargetWidth;=0A= var imgClone =3D inImage.cloneNode(0);=0A= inImage.className =3D '';=0A= inImage.style.width =3D 'auto';=0A= inImage.style.height =3D 'auto';=0A= inImage.style.borderWidth =3D '0';=0A= inImage.style.padding =3D '0';=0A= inImage.removeAttribute('width');=0A= inImage.removeAttribute('height');=0A= baseWidth =3D parseInt(inImage.width);=0A= if ((parseInt(document.body.clientWidth)- RESIZE_CLIENT_ADJUST_PX)=0A= < baseWidth)=0A= {=0A= imageTargetWidth =3D parseInt(document.body.clientWidth)-=0A= RESIZE_CLIENT_ADJUST_PX;=0A= }=0A= else=0A= {=0A= imageTargetWidth =3D baseWidth;=0A= }=0A= inImage.setAttribute('width' , '' + imageTargetWidth + 'px' );=0A= inImage.setAttribute('height', 'auto' );=0A= inImage.setAttribute('height', imgClone.getAttribute('height') );=0A= inImage.style.width =3D "" + imageTargetWidth + "px";=0A= inImage.style.height =3D 'auto';=0A= inImage.className =3D imgClone.className ;=0A= inImage.style.padding =3D imgClone.style.padding ;=0A= inImage.style.borderWidth=3D imgClone.style.borderWidth ;=0A= }=0A= return(baseWidth);=0A= }=0A= =0A= function initResizableRefs() {=0A= if (! resizableRefsInitilized)=0A= {=0A= var resizableContainers;=0A= var currentResizableImages; // should be collection of 1=0A= var currentResizableLinks; // should be collection of 1=0A= =0A= resizableContainers =3D getElementsByClassName(document,=0A= 'DIV',=0A= 'sizeImgBox');=0A= for(var k=3D0;k 0) &&=0A= (currentResizableLinks.length > 0))=0A= {=0A= resizableImages.push(currentResizableImages[0]);=0A= resizableImageLinks.push(currentResizableLinks[0]);=0A= resizableImageBaseWidth.push(=0A= getBaseWidth(currentResizableImages[0],=0A= resizableContainers[k]));=0A= if (resizableImages.length =3D=3D 1)=0A= {=0A= setNaturalWidthSupported(currentResizableImages[0]);=0A= }=0A= }=0A= }=0A= }=0A= resizableRefsInitilized =3D 1;=0A= }=0A= =0A= function setVisibilityOfResizableImageLinks() {=0A= var currentResizableImage;=0A= var currentResizableLink;=0A= =0A= initResizableRefs();=0A= =0A= for(var k=3D0;k 0) &&=0A= (currentScrollableTableLinks.length > 0))=0A= {=0A= currentScrollableTables =3D getElementsByClassName(=0A= = currentScrollableTableDivs[0],=0A= 'TABLE',=0A= '*');=0A= if (currentScrollableTables.length > 0) {=0A= scrollableTableDivs.push(currentScrollableTableDivs[0]);=0A= scrollableTables.push(currentScrollableTables[0]);=0A= scrollableTableLinks.push(currentScrollableTableLinks[0]);=0A= }=0A= }=0A= }=0A= }=0A= scrollableTableRefsInitilized =3D 1;=0A= }=0A= =0A= function setVisibilityOfScrollableTableLinks() {=0A= initScrollableTableRefs();=0A= =0A= for(var k=3D0;k=0A= ------=_NextPart_000_0000_01C9DF6F.C85D9570 Content-Type: application/octet-stream Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Location: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/page/javascript/fontSizeChanger.js function fontSizeAdd(elemId, fontURL) {=0A= var active =3D getFontStyle(elemId);=0A= switch (active) {=0A= case 'font1' :=0A= setActiveStyle('font2', elemId, fontURL);=0A= break;=0A= case 'font2' :=0A= setActiveStyle('font3', elemId, fontURL);=0A= break;=0A= case 'font3' :=0A= setActiveStyle('font4', elemId, fontURL);=0A= break;=0A= case 'font4' :=0A= setActiveStyle('font5', elemId, fontURL);=0A= break;=0A= case 'font5' :=0A= break;=0A= default :=0A= setActiveStyle('font3', elemId, fontURL);=0A= break;=0A= }=0A= }=0A= =0A= function fontSizeMinus(elemId, fontURL) {=0A= var active =3D getFontStyle(elemId);=0A= switch (active) {=0A= case 'font5' :=0A= setActiveStyle('font4', elemId, fontURL);=0A= break;=0A= case 'font4' :=0A= setActiveStyle('font3', elemId, fontURL);=0A= break;=0A= case 'font3' :=0A= setActiveStyle('font2', elemId, fontURL);=0A= break;=0A= case 'font2' :=0A= setActiveStyle('font1', elemId, fontURL);=0A= break;=0A= case 'font1' :=0A= break;=0A= default :=0A= setActiveStyle('font3', elemId, fontURL);=0A= break;=0A= }=0A= }=0A= =0A= function getFontStyle(elemId) {=0A= var x =3D document.getElementById(elemId);=0A= if(!x) {return 'fontDefault';}=0A= var z =3D x.getAttribute(document.all ? "className" : "class");=0A= return z;=0A= }=0A= =0A= function setActiveStyle(fontClass, elemId, fontURL) {=0A= var x =3D document.getElementById(elemId);=0A= if(!x) {return;}=0A= var z =3D x.getAttribute(document.all ? "className" : "class");=0A= =0A= if(z !=3D fontClass) {=0A= var fontId;=0A= switch (fontClass) {=0A= case 'font5' :=0A= fontId =3D 5;=0A= break;=0A= case 'font4' :=0A= fontId =3D 4;=0A= break;=0A= case 'font3' :=0A= fontId =3D 3;=0A= break;=0A= case 'font2' :=0A= fontId =3D 2;=0A= break;=0A= case 'font1' :=0A= fontId =3D 1;=0A= break;=0A= default :=0A= fontId =3D 3;=0A= break;=0A= }=0A= var url =3D "/" + fontURL + "/fontsize/" + fontId;=0A= new Ajax.Request(url);=0A= x.setAttribute((document.all ? "className" : "class"), fontClass);=0A= }=0A= }=0A= ------=_NextPart_000_0000_01C9DF6F.C85D9570 Content-Type: application/octet-stream Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Location: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/page/javascript/prototype.js /* Prototype JavaScript framework, version 1.6.0=0A= * (c) 2005-2007 Sam Stephenson=0A= *=0A= * Prototype is freely distributable under the terms of an MIT-style = license.=0A= * For details, see the Prototype web site: http://www.prototypejs.org/=0A= *=0A= = *------------------------------------------------------------------------= --*/=0A= =0A= var Prototype =3D {=0A= Version: '1.6.0',=0A= =0A= Browser: {=0A= IE: !!(window.attachEvent && !window.opera),=0A= Opera: !!window.opera,=0A= WebKit: navigator.userAgent.indexOf('AppleWebKit/') > -1,=0A= Gecko: navigator.userAgent.indexOf('Gecko') > -1 && = navigator.userAgent.indexOf('KHTML') =3D=3D -1,=0A= MobileSafari: !!navigator.userAgent.match(/Apple.*Mobile.*Safari/)=0A= },=0A= =0A= BrowserFeatures: {=0A= XPath: !!document.evaluate,=0A= ElementExtensions: !!window.HTMLElement,=0A= SpecificElementExtensions:=0A= document.createElement('div').__proto__ &&=0A= document.createElement('div').__proto__ !=3D=3D=0A= document.createElement('form').__proto__=0A= },=0A= =0A= ScriptFragment: ']*>([\\S\\s]*?)<\/script>',=0A= JSONFilter: /^\/\*-secure-([\s\S]*)\*\/\s*$/,=0A= =0A= emptyFunction: function() { },=0A= K: function(x) { return x }=0A= };=0A= =0A= if (Prototype.Browser.MobileSafari)=0A= Prototype.BrowserFeatures.SpecificElementExtensions =3D false;=0A= =0A= if (Prototype.Browser.WebKit)=0A= Prototype.BrowserFeatures.XPath =3D false;=0A= =0A= /* Based on Alex Arnell's inheritance implementation. */=0A= var Class =3D {=0A= create: function() {=0A= var parent =3D null, properties =3D $A(arguments);=0A= if (Object.isFunction(properties[0]))=0A= parent =3D properties.shift();=0A= =0A= function klass() {=0A= this.initialize.apply(this, arguments);=0A= }=0A= =0A= Object.extend(klass, Class.Methods);=0A= klass.superclass =3D parent;=0A= klass.subclasses =3D [];=0A= =0A= if (parent) {=0A= var subclass =3D function() { };=0A= subclass.prototype =3D parent.prototype;=0A= klass.prototype =3D new subclass;=0A= parent.subclasses.push(klass);=0A= }=0A= =0A= for (var i =3D 0; i < properties.length; i++)=0A= klass.addMethods(properties[i]);=0A= =0A= if (!klass.prototype.initialize)=0A= klass.prototype.initialize =3D Prototype.emptyFunction;=0A= =0A= klass.prototype.constructor =3D klass;=0A= =0A= return klass;=0A= }=0A= };=0A= =0A= Class.Methods =3D {=0A= addMethods: function(source) {=0A= var ancestor =3D this.superclass && this.superclass.prototype;=0A= var properties =3D Object.keys(source);=0A= =0A= if (!Object.keys({ toString: true }).length)=0A= properties.push("toString", "valueOf");=0A= =0A= for (var i =3D 0, length =3D properties.length; i < length; i++) {=0A= var property =3D properties[i], value =3D source[property];=0A= if (ancestor && Object.isFunction(value) &&=0A= value.argumentNames().first() =3D=3D "$super") {=0A= var method =3D value, value =3D Object.extend((function(m) {=0A= return function() { return ancestor[m].apply(this, arguments) = };=0A= })(property).wrap(method), {=0A= valueOf: function() { return method },=0A= toString: function() { return method.toString() }=0A= });=0A= }=0A= this.prototype[property] =3D value;=0A= }=0A= =0A= return this;=0A= }=0A= };=0A= =0A= var Abstract =3D { };=0A= =0A= Object.extend =3D function(destination, source) {=0A= for (var property in source)=0A= destination[property] =3D source[property];=0A= return destination;=0A= };=0A= =0A= Object.extend(Object, {=0A= inspect: function(object) {=0A= try {=0A= if (object =3D=3D=3D undefined) return 'undefined';=0A= if (object =3D=3D=3D null) return 'null';=0A= return object.inspect ? object.inspect() : object.toString();=0A= } catch (e) {=0A= if (e instanceof RangeError) return '...';=0A= throw e;=0A= }=0A= },=0A= =0A= toJSON: function(object) {=0A= var type =3D typeof object;=0A= switch (type) {=0A= case 'undefined':=0A= case 'function':=0A= case 'unknown': return;=0A= case 'boolean': return object.toString();=0A= }=0A= =0A= if (object =3D=3D=3D null) return 'null';=0A= if (object.toJSON) return object.toJSON();=0A= if (Object.isElement(object)) return;=0A= =0A= var results =3D [];=0A= for (var property in object) {=0A= var value =3D Object.toJSON(object[property]);=0A= if (value !=3D=3D undefined)=0A= results.push(property.toJSON() + ': ' + value);=0A= }=0A= =0A= return '{' + results.join(', ') + '}';=0A= },=0A= =0A= toQueryString: function(object) {=0A= return $H(object).toQueryString();=0A= },=0A= =0A= toHTML: function(object) {=0A= return object && object.toHTML ? object.toHTML() : = String.interpret(object);=0A= },=0A= =0A= keys: function(object) {=0A= var keys =3D [];=0A= for (var property in object)=0A= keys.push(property);=0A= return keys;=0A= },=0A= =0A= values: function(object) {=0A= var values =3D [];=0A= for (var property in object)=0A= values.push(object[property]);=0A= return values;=0A= },=0A= =0A= clone: function(object) {=0A= return Object.extend({ }, object);=0A= },=0A= =0A= isElement: function(object) {=0A= return object && object.nodeType =3D=3D 1;=0A= },=0A= =0A= isArray: function(object) {=0A= return object && object.constructor =3D=3D=3D Array;=0A= },=0A= =0A= isHash: function(object) {=0A= return object instanceof Hash;=0A= },=0A= =0A= isFunction: function(object) {=0A= return typeof object =3D=3D "function";=0A= },=0A= =0A= isString: function(object) {=0A= return typeof object =3D=3D "string";=0A= },=0A= =0A= isNumber: function(object) {=0A= return typeof object =3D=3D "number";=0A= },=0A= =0A= isUndefined: function(object) {=0A= return typeof object =3D=3D "undefined";=0A= }=0A= });=0A= =0A= Object.extend(Function.prototype, {=0A= argumentNames: function() {=0A= var names =3D = this.toString().match(/^[\s$]*function[^(]*\((.*?)$/)[1].split(",").inv= oke("strip");=0A= return names.length =3D=3D 1 && !names[0] ? [] : names;=0A= },=0A= =0A= bind: function() {=0A= if (arguments.length < 2 && arguments[0] =3D=3D=3D undefined) return = this;=0A= var __method =3D this, args =3D $A(arguments), object =3D = args.shift();=0A= return function() {=0A= return __method.apply(object, args.concat($A(arguments)));=0A= }=0A= },=0A= =0A= bindAsEventListener: function() {=0A= var __method =3D this, args =3D $A(arguments), object =3D = args.shift();=0A= return function(event) {=0A= return __method.apply(object, [event || = window.event].concat(args));=0A= }=0A= },=0A= =0A= curry: function() {=0A= if (!arguments.length) return this;=0A= var __method =3D this, args =3D $A(arguments);=0A= return function() {=0A= return __method.apply(this, args.concat($A(arguments)));=0A= }=0A= },=0A= =0A= delay: function() {=0A= var __method =3D this, args =3D $A(arguments), timeout =3D = args.shift() * 1000;=0A= return window.setTimeout(function() {=0A= return __method.apply(__method, args);=0A= }, timeout);=0A= },=0A= =0A= wrap: function(wrapper) {=0A= var __method =3D this;=0A= return function() {=0A= return wrapper.apply(this, = [__method.bind(this)].concat($A(arguments)));=0A= }=0A= },=0A= =0A= methodize: function() {=0A= if (this._methodized) return this._methodized;=0A= var __method =3D this;=0A= return this._methodized =3D function() {=0A= return __method.apply(null, [this].concat($A(arguments)));=0A= };=0A= }=0A= });=0A= =0A= Function.prototype.defer =3D Function.prototype.delay.curry(0.01);=0A= =0A= Date.prototype.toJSON =3D function() {=0A= return '"' + this.getUTCFullYear() + '-' +=0A= (this.getUTCMonth() + 1).toPaddedString(2) + '-' +=0A= this.getUTCDate().toPaddedString(2) + 'T' +=0A= this.getUTCHours().toPaddedString(2) + ':' +=0A= this.getUTCMinutes().toPaddedString(2) + ':' +=0A= this.getUTCSeconds().toPaddedString(2) + 'Z"';=0A= };=0A= =0A= var Try =3D {=0A= these: function() {=0A= var returnValue;=0A= =0A= for (var i =3D 0, length =3D arguments.length; i < length; i++) {=0A= var lambda =3D arguments[i];=0A= try {=0A= returnValue =3D lambda();=0A= break;=0A= } catch (e) { }=0A= }=0A= =0A= return returnValue;=0A= }=0A= };=0A= =0A= RegExp.prototype.match =3D RegExp.prototype.test;=0A= =0A= RegExp.escape =3D function(str) {=0A= return String(str).replace(/([.*+?^=3D!:${}()|[\]\/\\])/g, '\\$1');=0A= };=0A= =0A= /*-----------------------------------------------------------------------= ---*/=0A= =0A= var PeriodicalExecuter =3D Class.create({=0A= initialize: function(callback, frequency) {=0A= this.callback =3D callback;=0A= this.frequency =3D frequency;=0A= this.currentlyExecuting =3D false;=0A= =0A= this.registerCallback();=0A= },=0A= =0A= registerCallback: function() {=0A= this.timer =3D setInterval(this.onTimerEvent.bind(this), = this.frequency * 1000);=0A= },=0A= =0A= execute: function() {=0A= this.callback(this);=0A= },=0A= =0A= stop: function() {=0A= if (!this.timer) return;=0A= clearInterval(this.timer);=0A= this.timer =3D null;=0A= },=0A= =0A= onTimerEvent: function() {=0A= if (!this.currentlyExecuting) {=0A= try {=0A= this.currentlyExecuting =3D true;=0A= this.execute();=0A= } finally {=0A= this.currentlyExecuting =3D false;=0A= }=0A= }=0A= }=0A= });=0A= Object.extend(String, {=0A= interpret: function(value) {=0A= return value =3D=3D null ? '' : String(value);=0A= },=0A= specialChar: {=0A= '\b': '\\b',=0A= '\t': '\\t',=0A= '\n': '\\n',=0A= '\f': '\\f',=0A= '\r': '\\r',=0A= '\\': '\\\\'=0A= }=0A= });=0A= =0A= Object.extend(String.prototype, {=0A= gsub: function(pattern, replacement) {=0A= var result =3D '', source =3D this, match;=0A= replacement =3D arguments.callee.prepareReplacement(replacement);=0A= =0A= while (source.length > 0) {=0A= if (match =3D source.match(pattern)) {=0A= result +=3D source.slice(0, match.index);=0A= result +=3D String.interpret(replacement(match));=0A= source =3D source.slice(match.index + match[0].length);=0A= } else {=0A= result +=3D source, source =3D '';=0A= }=0A= }=0A= return result;=0A= },=0A= =0A= sub: function(pattern, replacement, count) {=0A= replacement =3D this.gsub.prepareReplacement(replacement);=0A= count =3D count =3D=3D=3D undefined ? 1 : count;=0A= =0A= return this.gsub(pattern, function(match) {=0A= if (--count < 0) return match[0];=0A= return replacement(match);=0A= });=0A= },=0A= =0A= scan: function(pattern, iterator) {=0A= this.gsub(pattern, iterator);=0A= return String(this);=0A= },=0A= =0A= truncate: function(length, truncation) {=0A= length =3D length || 30;=0A= truncation =3D truncation =3D=3D=3D undefined ? '...' : truncation;=0A= return this.length > length ?=0A= this.slice(0, length - truncation.length) + truncation : = String(this);=0A= },=0A= =0A= strip: function() {=0A= return this.replace(/^\s+/, '').replace(/\s+$/, '');=0A= },=0A= =0A= stripTags: function() {=0A= return this.replace(/<\/?[^>]+>/gi, '');=0A= },=0A= =0A= stripScripts: function() {=0A= return this.replace(new RegExp(Prototype.ScriptFragment, 'img'), '');=0A= },=0A= =0A= extractScripts: function() {=0A= var matchAll =3D new RegExp(Prototype.ScriptFragment, 'img');=0A= var matchOne =3D new RegExp(Prototype.ScriptFragment, 'im');=0A= return (this.match(matchAll) || []).map(function(scriptTag) {=0A= return (scriptTag.match(matchOne) || ['', ''])[1];=0A= });=0A= },=0A= =0A= evalScripts: function() {=0A= return this.extractScripts().map(function(script) { return = eval(script) });=0A= },=0A= =0A= escapeHTML: function() {=0A= var self =3D arguments.callee;=0A= self.text.data =3D this;=0A= return self.div.innerHTML;=0A= },=0A= =0A= unescapeHTML: function() {=0A= var div =3D new Element('div');=0A= div.innerHTML =3D this.stripTags();=0A= return div.childNodes[0] ? (div.childNodes.length > 1 ?=0A= $A(div.childNodes).inject('', function(memo, node) { return = memo+node.nodeValue }) :=0A= div.childNodes[0].nodeValue) : '';=0A= },=0A= =0A= toQueryParams: function(separator) {=0A= var match =3D this.strip().match(/([^?#]*)(#.*)?$/);=0A= if (!match) return { };=0A= =0A= return match[1].split(separator || '&').inject({ }, function(hash, = pair) {=0A= if ((pair =3D pair.split('=3D'))[0]) {=0A= var key =3D decodeURIComponent(pair.shift());=0A= var value =3D pair.length > 1 ? pair.join('=3D') : pair[0];=0A= if (value !=3D undefined) value =3D decodeURIComponent(value);=0A= =0A= if (key in hash) {=0A= if (!Object.isArray(hash[key])) hash[key] =3D [hash[key]];=0A= hash[key].push(value);=0A= }=0A= else hash[key] =3D value;=0A= }=0A= return hash;=0A= });=0A= },=0A= =0A= toArray: function() {=0A= return this.split('');=0A= },=0A= =0A= succ: function() {=0A= return this.slice(0, this.length - 1) +=0A= String.fromCharCode(this.charCodeAt(this.length - 1) + 1);=0A= },=0A= =0A= times: function(count) {=0A= return count < 1 ? '' : new Array(count + 1).join(this);=0A= },=0A= =0A= camelize: function() {=0A= var parts =3D this.split('-'), len =3D parts.length;=0A= if (len =3D=3D 1) return parts[0];=0A= =0A= var camelized =3D this.charAt(0) =3D=3D '-'=0A= ? parts[0].charAt(0).toUpperCase() + parts[0].substring(1)=0A= : parts[0];=0A= =0A= for (var i =3D 1; i < len; i++)=0A= camelized +=3D parts[i].charAt(0).toUpperCase() + = parts[i].substring(1);=0A= =0A= return camelized;=0A= },=0A= =0A= capitalize: function() {=0A= return this.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + = this.substring(1).toLowerCase();=0A= },=0A= =0A= underscore: function() {=0A= return this.gsub(/::/, = '/').gsub(/([A-Z]+)([A-Z][a-z])/,'#{1}_#{2}').gsub(/([a-z\d])([A-Z])/,'#{= 1}_#{2}').gsub(/-/,'_').toLowerCase();=0A= },=0A= =0A= dasherize: function() {=0A= return this.gsub(/_/,'-');=0A= },=0A= =0A= inspect: function(useDoubleQuotes) {=0A= var escapedString =3D this.gsub(/[\x00-\x1f\\]/, function(match) {=0A= var character =3D String.specialChar[match[0]];=0A= return character ? character : '\\u00' + = match[0].charCodeAt().toPaddedString(2, 16);=0A= });=0A= if (useDoubleQuotes) return '"' + escapedString.replace(/"/g, '\\"') = + '"';=0A= return "'" + escapedString.replace(/'/g, '\\\'') + "'";=0A= },=0A= =0A= toJSON: function() {=0A= return this.inspect(true);=0A= },=0A= =0A= unfilterJSON: function(filter) {=0A= return this.sub(filter || Prototype.JSONFilter, '#{1}');=0A= },=0A= =0A= isJSON: function() {=0A= var str =3D this.replace(/\\./g, '@').replace(/"[^"\\\n\r]*"/g, '');=0A= return (/^[,:{}\[\]0-9.\-+Eaeflnr-u \n\r\t]*$/).test(str);=0A= },=0A= =0A= evalJSON: function(sanitize) {=0A= var json =3D this.unfilterJSON();=0A= try {=0A= if (!sanitize || json.isJSON()) return eval('(' + json + ')');=0A= } catch (e) { }=0A= throw new SyntaxError('Badly formed JSON string: ' + this.inspect());=0A= },=0A= =0A= include: function(pattern) {=0A= return this.indexOf(pattern) > -1;=0A= },=0A= =0A= startsWith: function(pattern) {=0A= return this.indexOf(pattern) =3D=3D=3D 0;=0A= },=0A= =0A= endsWith: function(pattern) {=0A= var d =3D this.length - pattern.length;=0A= return d >=3D 0 && this.lastIndexOf(pattern) =3D=3D=3D d;=0A= },=0A= =0A= empty: function() {=0A= return this =3D=3D '';=0A= },=0A= =0A= blank: function() {=0A= return /^\s*$/.test(this);=0A= },=0A= =0A= interpolate: function(object, pattern) {=0A= return new Template(this, pattern).evaluate(object);=0A= }=0A= });=0A= =0A= if (Prototype.Browser.WebKit || Prototype.Browser.IE) = Object.extend(String.prototype, {=0A= escapeHTML: function() {=0A= return = this.replace(/&/g,'&').replace(//g,'>');=0A= },=0A= unescapeHTML: function() {=0A= return = this.replace(/&/g,'&').replace(/</g,'<').replace(/>/g,'>');=0A= }=0A= });=0A= =0A= String.prototype.gsub.prepareReplacement =3D function(replacement) {=0A= if (Object.isFunction(replacement)) return replacement;=0A= var template =3D new Template(replacement);=0A= return function(match) { return template.evaluate(match) };=0A= };=0A= =0A= String.prototype.parseQuery =3D String.prototype.toQueryParams;=0A= =0A= Object.extend(String.prototype.escapeHTML, {=0A= div: document.createElement('div'),=0A= text: document.createTextNode('')=0A= });=0A= =0A= with (String.prototype.escapeHTML) div.appendChild(text);=0A= =0A= var Template =3D Class.create({=0A= initialize: function(template, pattern) {=0A= this.template =3D template.toString();=0A= this.pattern =3D pattern || Template.Pattern;=0A= },=0A= =0A= evaluate: function(object) {=0A= if (Object.isFunction(object.toTemplateReplacements))=0A= object =3D object.toTemplateReplacements();=0A= =0A= return this.template.gsub(this.pattern, function(match) {=0A= if (object =3D=3D null) return '';=0A= =0A= var before =3D match[1] || '';=0A= if (before =3D=3D '\\') return match[2];=0A= =0A= var ctx =3D object, expr =3D match[3];=0A= var pattern =3D /^([^.[]+|\[((?:.*?[^\\])?)\])(\.|\[|$)/, match = =3D pattern.exec(expr);=0A= if (match =3D=3D null) return before;=0A= =0A= while (match !=3D null) {=0A= var comp =3D match[1].startsWith('[') ? match[2].gsub('\\\\]', = ']') : match[1];=0A= ctx =3D ctx[comp];=0A= if (null =3D=3D ctx || '' =3D=3D match[3]) break;=0A= expr =3D expr.substring('[' =3D=3D match[3] ? match[1].length : = match[0].length);=0A= match =3D pattern.exec(expr);=0A= }=0A= =0A= return before + String.interpret(ctx);=0A= }.bind(this));=0A= }=0A= });=0A= Template.Pattern =3D /(^|.|\r|\n)(#\{(.*?)\})/;=0A= =0A= var $break =3D { };=0A= =0A= var Enumerable =3D {=0A= each: function(iterator, context) {=0A= var index =3D 0;=0A= iterator =3D iterator.bind(context);=0A= try {=0A= this._each(function(value) {=0A= iterator(value, index++);=0A= });=0A= } catch (e) {=0A= if (e !=3D $break) throw e;=0A= }=0A= return this;=0A= },=0A= =0A= eachSlice: function(number, iterator, context) {=0A= iterator =3D iterator ? iterator.bind(context) : Prototype.K;=0A= var index =3D -number, slices =3D [], array =3D this.toArray();=0A= while ((index +=3D number) < array.length)=0A= slices.push(array.slice(index, index+number));=0A= return slices.collect(iterator, context);=0A= },=0A= =0A= all: function(iterator, context) {=0A= iterator =3D iterator ? iterator.bind(context) : Prototype.K;=0A= var result =3D true;=0A= this.each(function(value, index) {=0A= result =3D result && !!iterator(value, index);=0A= if (!result) throw $break;=0A= });=0A= return result;=0A= },=0A= =0A= any: function(iterator, context) {=0A= iterator =3D iterator ? iterator.bind(context) : Prototype.K;=0A= var result =3D false;=0A= this.each(function(value, index) {=0A= if (result =3D !!iterator(value, index))=0A= throw $break;=0A= });=0A= return result;=0A= },=0A= =0A= collect: function(iterator, context) {=0A= iterator =3D iterator ? iterator.bind(context) : Prototype.K;=0A= var results =3D [];=0A= this.each(function(value, index) {=0A= results.push(iterator(value, index));=0A= });=0A= return results;=0A= },=0A= =0A= detect: function(iterator, context) {=0A= iterator =3D iterator.bind(context);=0A= var result;=0A= this.each(function(value, index) {=0A= if (iterator(value, index)) {=0A= result =3D value;=0A= throw $break;=0A= }=0A= });=0A= return result;=0A= },=0A= =0A= findAll: function(iterator, context) {=0A= iterator =3D iterator.bind(context);=0A= var results =3D [];=0A= this.each(function(value, index) {=0A= if (iterator(value, index))=0A= results.push(value);=0A= });=0A= return results;=0A= },=0A= =0A= grep: function(filter, iterator, context) {=0A= iterator =3D iterator ? iterator.bind(context) : Prototype.K;=0A= var results =3D [];=0A= =0A= if (Object.isString(filter))=0A= filter =3D new RegExp(filter);=0A= =0A= this.each(function(value, index) {=0A= if (filter.match(value))=0A= results.push(iterator(value, index));=0A= });=0A= return results;=0A= },=0A= =0A= include: function(object) {=0A= if (Object.isFunction(this.indexOf))=0A= if (this.indexOf(object) !=3D -1) return true;=0A= =0A= var found =3D false;=0A= this.each(function(value) {=0A= if (value =3D=3D object) {=0A= found =3D true;=0A= throw $break;=0A= }=0A= });=0A= return found;=0A= },=0A= =0A= inGroupsOf: function(number, fillWith) {=0A= fillWith =3D fillWith =3D=3D=3D undefined ? null : fillWith;=0A= return this.eachSlice(number, function(slice) {=0A= while(slice.length < number) slice.push(fillWith);=0A= return slice;=0A= });=0A= },=0A= =0A= inject: function(memo, iterator, context) {=0A= iterator =3D iterator.bind(context);=0A= this.each(function(value, index) {=0A= memo =3D iterator(memo, value, index);=0A= });=0A= return memo;=0A= },=0A= =0A= invoke: function(method) {=0A= var args =3D $A(arguments).slice(1);=0A= return this.map(function(value) {=0A= return value[method].apply(value, args);=0A= });=0A= },=0A= =0A= max: function(iterator, context) {=0A= iterator =3D iterator ? iterator.bind(context) : Prototype.K;=0A= var result;=0A= this.each(function(value, index) {=0A= value =3D iterator(value, index);=0A= if (result =3D=3D undefined || value >=3D result)=0A= result =3D value;=0A= });=0A= return result;=0A= },=0A= =0A= min: function(iterator, context) {=0A= iterator =3D iterator ? iterator.bind(context) : Prototype.K;=0A= var result;=0A= this.each(function(value, index) {=0A= value =3D iterator(value, index);=0A= if (result =3D=3D undefined || value < result)=0A= result =3D value;=0A= });=0A= return result;=0A= },=0A= =0A= partition: function(iterator, context) {=0A= iterator =3D iterator ? iterator.bind(context) : Prototype.K;=0A= var trues =3D [], falses =3D [];=0A= this.each(function(value, index) {=0A= (iterator(value, index) ?=0A= trues : falses).push(value);=0A= });=0A= return [trues, falses];=0A= },=0A= =0A= pluck: function(property) {=0A= var results =3D [];=0A= this.each(function(value) {=0A= results.push(value[property]);=0A= });=0A= return results;=0A= },=0A= =0A= reject: function(iterator, context) {=0A= iterator =3D iterator.bind(context);=0A= var results =3D [];=0A= this.each(function(value, index) {=0A= if (!iterator(value, index))=0A= results.push(value);=0A= });=0A= return results;=0A= },=0A= =0A= sortBy: function(iterator, context) {=0A= iterator =3D iterator.bind(context);=0A= return this.map(function(value, index) {=0A= return {value: value, criteria: iterator(value, index)};=0A= }).sort(function(left, right) {=0A= var a =3D left.criteria, b =3D right.criteria;=0A= return a < b ? -1 : a > b ? 1 : 0;=0A= }).pluck('value');=0A= },=0A= =0A= toArray: function() {=0A= return this.map();=0A= },=0A= =0A= zip: function() {=0A= var iterator =3D Prototype.K, args =3D $A(arguments);=0A= if (Object.isFunction(args.last()))=0A= iterator =3D args.pop();=0A= =0A= var collections =3D [this].concat(args).map($A);=0A= return this.map(function(value, index) {=0A= return iterator(collections.pluck(index));=0A= });=0A= },=0A= =0A= size: function() {=0A= return this.toArray().length;=0A= },=0A= =0A= inspect: function() {=0A= return '#';=0A= }=0A= };=0A= =0A= Object.extend(Enumerable, {=0A= map: Enumerable.collect,=0A= find: Enumerable.detect,=0A= select: Enumerable.findAll,=0A= filter: Enumerable.findAll,=0A= member: Enumerable.include,=0A= entries: Enumerable.toArray,=0A= every: Enumerable.all,=0A= some: Enumerable.any=0A= });=0A= function $A(iterable) {=0A= if (!iterable) return [];=0A= if (iterable.toArray) return iterable.toArray();=0A= var length =3D iterable.length, results =3D new Array(length);=0A= while (length--) results[length] =3D iterable[length];=0A= return results;=0A= }=0A= =0A= if (Prototype.Browser.WebKit) {=0A= function $A(iterable) {=0A= if (!iterable) return [];=0A= if (!(Object.isFunction(iterable) && iterable =3D=3D '[object = NodeList]') &&=0A= iterable.toArray) return iterable.toArray();=0A= var length =3D iterable.length, results =3D new Array(length);=0A= while (length--) results[length] =3D iterable[length];=0A= return results;=0A= }=0A= }=0A= =0A= Array.from =3D $A;=0A= =0A= Object.extend(Array.prototype, Enumerable);=0A= =0A= if (!Array.prototype._reverse) Array.prototype._reverse =3D = Array.prototype.reverse;=0A= =0A= Object.extend(Array.prototype, {=0A= _each: function(iterator) {=0A= for (var i =3D 0, length =3D this.length; i < length; i++)=0A= iterator(this[i]);=0A= },=0A= =0A= clear: function() {=0A= this.length =3D 0;=0A= return this;=0A= },=0A= =0A= first: function() {=0A= return this[0];=0A= },=0A= =0A= last: function() {=0A= return this[this.length - 1];=0A= },=0A= =0A= compact: function() {=0A= return this.select(function(value) {=0A= return value !=3D null;=0A= });=0A= },=0A= =0A= flatten: function() {=0A= return this.inject([], function(array, value) {=0A= return array.concat(Object.isArray(value) ?=0A= value.flatten() : [value]);=0A= });=0A= },=0A= =0A= without: function() {=0A= var values =3D $A(arguments);=0A= return this.select(function(value) {=0A= return !values.include(value);=0A= });=0A= },=0A= =0A= reverse: function(inline) {=0A= return (inline !=3D=3D false ? this : this.toArray())._reverse();=0A= },=0A= =0A= reduce: function() {=0A= return this.length > 1 ? this : this[0];=0A= },=0A= =0A= uniq: function(sorted) {=0A= return this.inject([], function(array, value, index) {=0A= if (0 =3D=3D index || (sorted ? array.last() !=3D value : = !array.include(value)))=0A= array.push(value);=0A= return array;=0A= });=0A= },=0A= =0A= intersect: function(array) {=0A= return this.uniq().findAll(function(item) {=0A= return array.detect(function(value) { return item =3D=3D=3D value = });=0A= });=0A= },=0A= =0A= clone: function() {=0A= return [].concat(this);=0A= },=0A= =0A= size: function() {=0A= return this.length;=0A= },=0A= =0A= inspect: function() {=0A= return '[' + this.map(Object.inspect).join(', ') + ']';=0A= },=0A= =0A= toJSON: function() {=0A= var results =3D [];=0A= this.each(function(object) {=0A= var value =3D Object.toJSON(object);=0A= if (value !=3D=3D undefined) results.push(value);=0A= });=0A= return '[' + results.join(', ') + ']';=0A= }=0A= });=0A= =0A= // use native browser JS 1.6 implementation if available=0A= if (Object.isFunction(Array.prototype.forEach))=0A= Array.prototype._each =3D Array.prototype.forEach;=0A= =0A= if (!Array.prototype.indexOf) Array.prototype.indexOf =3D function(item, = i) {=0A= i || (i =3D 0);=0A= var length =3D this.length;=0A= if (i < 0) i =3D length + i;=0A= for (; i < length; i++)=0A= if (this[i] =3D=3D=3D item) return i;=0A= return -1;=0A= };=0A= =0A= if (!Array.prototype.lastIndexOf) Array.prototype.lastIndexOf =3D = function(item, i) {=0A= i =3D isNaN(i) ? this.length : (i < 0 ? this.length + i : i) + 1;=0A= var n =3D this.slice(0, i).reverse().indexOf(item);=0A= return (n < 0) ? n : i - n - 1;=0A= };=0A= =0A= Array.prototype.toArray =3D Array.prototype.clone;=0A= =0A= function $w(string) {=0A= if (!Object.isString(string)) return [];=0A= string =3D string.strip();=0A= return string ? string.split(/\s+/) : [];=0A= }=0A= =0A= if (Prototype.Browser.Opera){=0A= Array.prototype.concat =3D function() {=0A= var array =3D [];=0A= for (var i =3D 0, length =3D this.length; i < length; i++) = array.push(this[i]);=0A= for (var i =3D 0, length =3D arguments.length; i < length; i++) {=0A= if (Object.isArray(arguments[i])) {=0A= for (var j =3D 0, arrayLength =3D arguments[i].length; j < = arrayLength; j++)=0A= array.push(arguments[i][j]);=0A= } else {=0A= array.push(arguments[i]);=0A= }=0A= }=0A= return array;=0A= };=0A= }=0A= Object.extend(Number.prototype, {=0A= toColorPart: function() {=0A= return this.toPaddedString(2, 16);=0A= },=0A= =0A= succ: function() {=0A= return this + 1;=0A= },=0A= =0A= times: function(iterator) {=0A= $R(0, this, true).each(iterator);=0A= return this;=0A= },=0A= =0A= toPaddedString: function(length, radix) {=0A= var string =3D this.toString(radix || 10);=0A= return '0'.times(length - string.length) + string;=0A= },=0A= =0A= toJSON: function() {=0A= return isFinite(this) ? this.toString() : 'null';=0A= }=0A= });=0A= =0A= $w('abs round ceil floor').each(function(method){=0A= Number.prototype[method] =3D Math[method].methodize();=0A= });=0A= function $H(object) {=0A= return new Hash(object);=0A= };=0A= =0A= var Hash =3D Class.create(Enumerable, (function() {=0A= if (function() {=0A= var i =3D 0, Test =3D function(value) { this.key =3D value };=0A= Test.prototype.key =3D 'foo';=0A= for (var property in new Test('bar')) i++;=0A= return i > 1;=0A= }()) {=0A= function each(iterator) {=0A= var cache =3D [];=0A= for (var key in this._object) {=0A= var value =3D this._object[key];=0A= if (cache.include(key)) continue;=0A= cache.push(key);=0A= var pair =3D [key, value];=0A= pair.key =3D key;=0A= pair.value =3D value;=0A= iterator(pair);=0A= }=0A= }=0A= } else {=0A= function each(iterator) {=0A= for (var key in this._object) {=0A= var value =3D this._object[key], pair =3D [key, value];=0A= pair.key =3D key;=0A= pair.value =3D value;=0A= iterator(pair);=0A= }=0A= }=0A= }=0A= =0A= function toQueryPair(key, value) {=0A= if (Object.isUndefined(value)) return key;=0A= return key + '=3D' + encodeURIComponent(String.interpret(value));=0A= }=0A= =0A= return {=0A= initialize: function(object) {=0A= this._object =3D Object.isHash(object) ? object.toObject() : = Object.clone(object);=0A= },=0A= =0A= _each: each,=0A= =0A= set: function(key, value) {=0A= return this._object[key] =3D value;=0A= },=0A= =0A= get: function(key) {=0A= return this._object[key];=0A= },=0A= =0A= unset: function(key) {=0A= var value =3D this._object[key];=0A= delete this._object[key];=0A= return value;=0A= },=0A= =0A= toObject: function() {=0A= return Object.clone(this._object);=0A= },=0A= =0A= keys: function() {=0A= return this.pluck('key');=0A= },=0A= =0A= values: function() {=0A= return this.pluck('value');=0A= },=0A= =0A= index: function(value) {=0A= var match =3D this.detect(function(pair) {=0A= return pair.value =3D=3D=3D value;=0A= });=0A= return match && match.key;=0A= },=0A= =0A= merge: function(object) {=0A= return this.clone().update(object);=0A= },=0A= =0A= update: function(object) {=0A= return new Hash(object).inject(this, function(result, pair) {=0A= result.set(pair.key, pair.value);=0A= return result;=0A= });=0A= },=0A= =0A= toQueryString: function() {=0A= return this.map(function(pair) {=0A= var key =3D encodeURIComponent(pair.key), values =3D pair.value;=0A= =0A= if (values && typeof values =3D=3D 'object') {=0A= if (Object.isArray(values))=0A= return values.map(toQueryPair.curry(key)).join('&');=0A= }=0A= return toQueryPair(key, values);=0A= }).join('&');=0A= },=0A= =0A= inspect: function() {=0A= return '#';=0A= },=0A= =0A= toJSON: function() {=0A= return Object.toJSON(this.toObject());=0A= },=0A= =0A= clone: function() {=0A= return new Hash(this);=0A= }=0A= }=0A= })());=0A= =0A= Hash.prototype.toTemplateReplacements =3D Hash.prototype.toObject;=0A= Hash.from =3D $H;=0A= var ObjectRange =3D Class.create(Enumerable, {=0A= initialize: function(start, end, exclusive) {=0A= this.start =3D start;=0A= this.end =3D end;=0A= this.exclusive =3D exclusive;=0A= },=0A= =0A= _each: function(iterator) {=0A= var value =3D this.start;=0A= while (this.include(value)) {=0A= iterator(value);=0A= value =3D value.succ();=0A= }=0A= },=0A= =0A= include: function(value) {=0A= if (value < this.start)=0A= return false;=0A= if (this.exclusive)=0A= return value < this.end;=0A= return value <=3D this.end;=0A= }=0A= });=0A= =0A= var $R =3D function(start, end, exclusive) {=0A= return new ObjectRange(start, end, exclusive);=0A= };=0A= =0A= var Ajax =3D {=0A= getTransport: function() {=0A= return Try.these(=0A= function() {return new XMLHttpRequest()},=0A= function() {return new ActiveXObject('Msxml2.XMLHTTP')},=0A= function() {return new ActiveXObject('Microsoft.XMLHTTP')}=0A= ) || false;=0A= },=0A= =0A= activeRequestCount: 0=0A= };=0A= =0A= Ajax.Responders =3D {=0A= responders: [],=0A= =0A= _each: function(iterator) {=0A= this.responders._each(iterator);=0A= },=0A= =0A= register: function(responder) {=0A= if (!this.include(responder))=0A= this.responders.push(responder);=0A= },=0A= =0A= unregister: function(responder) {=0A= this.responders =3D this.responders.without(responder);=0A= },=0A= =0A= dispatch: function(callback, request, transport, json) {=0A= this.each(function(responder) {=0A= if (Object.isFunction(responder[callback])) {=0A= try {=0A= responder[callback].apply(responder, [request, transport, = json]);=0A= } catch (e) { }=0A= }=0A= });=0A= }=0A= };=0A= =0A= Object.extend(Ajax.Responders, Enumerable);=0A= =0A= Ajax.Responders.register({=0A= onCreate: function() { Ajax.activeRequestCount++ },=0A= onComplete: function() { Ajax.activeRequestCount-- }=0A= });=0A= =0A= Ajax.Base =3D Class.create({=0A= initialize: function(options) {=0A= this.options =3D {=0A= method: 'post',=0A= asynchronous: true,=0A= contentType: 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded',=0A= encoding: 'UTF-8',=0A= parameters: '',=0A= evalJSON: true,=0A= evalJS: true=0A= };=0A= Object.extend(this.options, options || { });=0A= =0A= this.options.method =3D this.options.method.toLowerCase();=0A= if (Object.isString(this.options.parameters))=0A= this.options.parameters =3D = this.options.parameters.toQueryParams();=0A= }=0A= });=0A= =0A= Ajax.Request =3D Class.create(Ajax.Base, {=0A= _complete: false,=0A= =0A= initialize: function($super, url, options) {=0A= $super(options);=0A= this.transport =3D Ajax.getTransport();=0A= this.request(url);=0A= },=0A= =0A= request: function(url) {=0A= this.url =3D url;=0A= this.method =3D this.options.method;=0A= var params =3D Object.clone(this.options.parameters);=0A= =0A= if (!['get', 'post'].include(this.method)) {=0A= // simulate other verbs over post=0A= params['_method'] =3D this.method;=0A= this.method =3D 'post';=0A= }=0A= =0A= this.parameters =3D params;=0A= =0A= if (params =3D Object.toQueryString(params)) {=0A= // when GET, append parameters to URL=0A= if (this.method =3D=3D 'get')=0A= this.url +=3D (this.url.include('?') ? '&' : '?') + params;=0A= else if (/Konqueror|Safari|KHTML/.test(navigator.userAgent))=0A= params +=3D '&_=3D';=0A= }=0A= =0A= try {=0A= var response =3D new Ajax.Response(this);=0A= if (this.options.onCreate) this.options.onCreate(response);=0A= Ajax.Responders.dispatch('onCreate', this, response);=0A= =0A= this.transport.open(this.method.toUpperCase(), this.url,=0A= this.options.asynchronous);=0A= =0A= if (this.options.asynchronous) = this.respondToReadyState.bind(this).defer(1);=0A= =0A= this.transport.onreadystatechange =3D = this.onStateChange.bind(this);=0A= this.setRequestHeaders();=0A= =0A= this.body =3D this.method =3D=3D 'post' ? (this.options.postBody = || params) : null;=0A= this.transport.send(this.body);=0A= =0A= /* Force Firefox to handle ready state 4 for synchronous requests = */=0A= if (!this.options.asynchronous && this.transport.overrideMimeType)=0A= this.onStateChange();=0A= =0A= }=0A= catch (e) {=0A= this.dispatchException(e);=0A= }=0A= },=0A= =0A= onStateChange: function() {=0A= var readyState =3D this.transport.readyState;=0A= if (readyState > 1 && !((readyState =3D=3D 4) && this._complete))=0A= this.respondToReadyState(this.transport.readyState);=0A= },=0A= =0A= setRequestHeaders: function() {=0A= var headers =3D {=0A= 'X-Requested-With': 'XMLHttpRequest',=0A= 'X-Prototype-Version': Prototype.Version,=0A= 'Accept': 'text/javascript, text/html, application/xml, text/xml, = */*'=0A= };=0A= =0A= if (this.method =3D=3D 'post') {=0A= headers['Content-type'] =3D this.options.contentType +=0A= (this.options.encoding ? '; charset=3D' + this.options.encoding = : '');=0A= =0A= /* Force "Connection: close" for older Mozilla browsers to work=0A= * around a bug where XMLHttpRequest sends an incorrect=0A= * Content-length header. See Mozilla Bugzilla #246651.=0A= */=0A= if (this.transport.overrideMimeType &&=0A= (navigator.userAgent.match(/Gecko\/(\d{4})/) || [0,2005])[1] < = 2005)=0A= headers['Connection'] =3D 'close';=0A= }=0A= =0A= // user-defined headers=0A= if (typeof this.options.requestHeaders =3D=3D 'object') {=0A= var extras =3D this.options.requestHeaders;=0A= =0A= if (Object.isFunction(extras.push))=0A= for (var i =3D 0, length =3D extras.length; i < length; i +=3D 2)=0A= headers[extras[i]] =3D extras[i+1];=0A= else=0A= $H(extras).each(function(pair) { headers[pair.key] =3D = pair.value });=0A= }=0A= =0A= for (var name in headers)=0A= this.transport.setRequestHeader(name, headers[name]);=0A= },=0A= =0A= success: function() {=0A= var status =3D this.getStatus();=0A= return !status || (status >=3D 200 && status < 300);=0A= },=0A= =0A= getStatus: function() {=0A= try {=0A= return this.transport.status || 0;=0A= } catch (e) { return 0 }=0A= },=0A= =0A= respondToReadyState: function(readyState) {=0A= var state =3D Ajax.Request.Events[readyState], response =3D new = Ajax.Response(this);=0A= =0A= if (state =3D=3D 'Complete') {=0A= try {=0A= this._complete =3D true;=0A= (this.options['on' + response.status]=0A= || this.options['on' + (this.success() ? 'Success' : 'Failure')]=0A= || Prototype.emptyFunction)(response, response.headerJSON);=0A= } catch (e) {=0A= this.dispatchException(e);=0A= }=0A= =0A= var contentType =3D response.getHeader('Content-type');=0A= if (this.options.evalJS =3D=3D 'force'=0A= || (this.options.evalJS && contentType=0A= && = contentType.match(/^\s*(text|application)\/(x-)?(java|ecma)script(;.*)?\s= *$/i)))=0A= this.evalResponse();=0A= }=0A= =0A= try {=0A= (this.options['on' + state] || Prototype.emptyFunction)(response, = response.headerJSON);=0A= Ajax.Responders.dispatch('on' + state, this, response, = response.headerJSON);=0A= } catch (e) {=0A= this.dispatchException(e);=0A= }=0A= =0A= if (state =3D=3D 'Complete') {=0A= // avoid memory leak in MSIE: clean up=0A= this.transport.onreadystatechange =3D Prototype.emptyFunction;=0A= }=0A= },=0A= =0A= getHeader: function(name) {=0A= try {=0A= return this.transport.getResponseHeader(name);=0A= } catch (e) { return null }=0A= },=0A= =0A= evalResponse: function() {=0A= try {=0A= return eval((this.transport.responseText || '').unfilterJSON());=0A= } catch (e) {=0A= this.dispatchException(e);=0A= }=0A= },=0A= =0A= dispatchException: function(exception) {=0A= (this.options.onException || Prototype.emptyFunction)(this, = exception);=0A= Ajax.Responders.dispatch('onException', this, exception);=0A= }=0A= });=0A= =0A= Ajax.Request.Events =3D=0A= ['Uninitialized', 'Loading', 'Loaded', 'Interactive', 'Complete'];=0A= =0A= Ajax.Response =3D Class.create({=0A= initialize: function(request){=0A= this.request =3D request;=0A= var transport =3D this.transport =3D request.transport,=0A= readyState =3D this.readyState =3D transport.readyState;=0A= =0A= if((readyState > 2 && !Prototype.Browser.IE) || readyState =3D=3D 4) = {=0A= this.status =3D this.getStatus();=0A= this.statusText =3D this.getStatusText();=0A= this.responseText =3D String.interpret(transport.responseText);=0A= this.headerJSON =3D this._getHeaderJSON();=0A= }=0A= =0A= if(readyState =3D=3D 4) {=0A= var xml =3D transport.responseXML;=0A= this.responseXML =3D xml =3D=3D=3D undefined ? null : xml;=0A= this.responseJSON =3D this._getResponseJSON();=0A= }=0A= },=0A= =0A= status: 0,=0A= statusText: '',=0A= =0A= getStatus: Ajax.Request.prototype.getStatus,=0A= =0A= getStatusText: function() {=0A= try {=0A= return this.transport.statusText || '';=0A= } catch (e) { return '' }=0A= },=0A= =0A= getHeader: Ajax.Request.prototype.getHeader,=0A= =0A= getAllHeaders: function() {=0A= try {=0A= return this.getAllResponseHeaders();=0A= } catch (e) { return null }=0A= },=0A= =0A= getResponseHeader: function(name) {=0A= return this.transport.getResponseHeader(name);=0A= },=0A= =0A= getAllResponseHeaders: function() {=0A= return this.transport.getAllResponseHeaders();=0A= },=0A= =0A= _getHeaderJSON: function() {=0A= var json =3D this.getHeader('X-JSON');=0A= if (!json) return null;=0A= json =3D decodeURIComponent(escape(json));=0A= try {=0A= return json.evalJSON(this.request.options.sanitizeJSON);=0A= } catch (e) {=0A= this.request.dispatchException(e);=0A= }=0A= },=0A= =0A= _getResponseJSON: function() {=0A= var options =3D this.request.options;=0A= if (!options.evalJSON || (options.evalJSON !=3D 'force' &&=0A= !(this.getHeader('Content-type') || = '').include('application/json')))=0A= return null;=0A= try {=0A= return this.transport.responseText.evalJSON(options.sanitizeJSON);=0A= } catch (e) {=0A= this.request.dispatchException(e);=0A= }=0A= }=0A= });=0A= =0A= Ajax.Updater =3D Class.create(Ajax.Request, {=0A= initialize: function($super, container, url, options) {=0A= this.container =3D {=0A= success: (container.success || container),=0A= failure: (container.failure || (container.success ? null : = container))=0A= };=0A= =0A= options =3D options || { };=0A= var onComplete =3D options.onComplete;=0A= options.onComplete =3D (function(response, param) {=0A= this.updateContent(response.responseText);=0A= if (Object.isFunction(onComplete)) onComplete(response, param);=0A= }).bind(this);=0A= =0A= $super(url, options);=0A= },=0A= =0A= updateContent: function(responseText) {=0A= var receiver =3D this.container[this.success() ? 'success' : = 'failure'],=0A= options =3D this.options;=0A= =0A= if (!options.evalScripts) responseText =3D = responseText.stripScripts();=0A= =0A= if (receiver =3D $(receiver)) {=0A= if (options.insertion) {=0A= if (Object.isString(options.insertion)) {=0A= var insertion =3D { }; insertion[options.insertion] =3D = responseText;=0A= receiver.insert(insertion);=0A= }=0A= else options.insertion(receiver, responseText);=0A= }=0A= else receiver.update(responseText);=0A= }=0A= =0A= if (this.success()) {=0A= if (this.onComplete) this.onComplete.bind(this).defer();=0A= }=0A= }=0A= });=0A= =0A= Ajax.PeriodicalUpdater =3D Class.create(Ajax.Base, {=0A= initialize: function($super, container, url, options) {=0A= $super(options);=0A= this.onComplete =3D this.options.onComplete;=0A= =0A= this.frequency =3D (this.options.frequency || 2);=0A= this.decay =3D (this.options.decay || 1);=0A= =0A= this.updater =3D { };=0A= this.container =3D container;=0A= this.url =3D url;=0A= =0A= this.start();=0A= },=0A= =0A= start: function() {=0A= this.options.onComplete =3D this.updateComplete.bind(this);=0A= this.onTimerEvent();=0A= },=0A= =0A= stop: function() {=0A= this.updater.options.onComplete =3D undefined;=0A= clearTimeout(this.timer);=0A= (this.onComplete || Prototype.emptyFunction).apply(this, arguments);=0A= },=0A= =0A= updateComplete: function(response) {=0A= if (this.options.decay) {=0A= this.decay =3D (response.responseText =3D=3D this.lastText ?=0A= this.decay * this.options.decay : 1);=0A= =0A= this.lastText =3D response.responseText;=0A= }=0A= this.timer =3D this.onTimerEvent.bind(this).delay(this.decay * = this.frequency);=0A= },=0A= =0A= onTimerEvent: function() {=0A= this.updater =3D new Ajax.Updater(this.container, this.url, = this.options);=0A= }=0A= });=0A= function $(element) {=0A= if (arguments.length > 1) {=0A= for (var i =3D 0, elements =3D [], length =3D arguments.length; i < = length; i++)=0A= elements.push($(arguments[i]));=0A= return elements;=0A= }=0A= if (Object.isString(element))=0A= element =3D document.getElementById(element);=0A= return Element.extend(element);=0A= }=0A= =0A= if (Prototype.BrowserFeatures.XPath) {=0A= document._getElementsByXPath =3D function(expression, parentElement) {=0A= var results =3D [];=0A= var query =3D document.evaluate(expression, $(parentElement) || = document,=0A= null, XPathResult.ORDERED_NODE_SNAPSHOT_TYPE, null);=0A= for (var i =3D 0, length =3D query.snapshotLength; i < length; i++)=0A= results.push(Element.extend(query.snapshotItem(i)));=0A= return results;=0A= };=0A= }=0A= =0A= /*-----------------------------------------------------------------------= ---*/=0A= =0A= if (!window.Node) var Node =3D { };=0A= =0A= if (!Node.ELEMENT_NODE) {=0A= // DOM level 2 ECMAScript Language Binding=0A= Object.extend(Node, {=0A= ELEMENT_NODE: 1,=0A= ATTRIBUTE_NODE: 2,=0A= TEXT_NODE: 3,=0A= CDATA_SECTION_NODE: 4,=0A= ENTITY_REFERENCE_NODE: 5,=0A= ENTITY_NODE: 6,=0A= PROCESSING_INSTRUCTION_NODE: 7,=0A= COMMENT_NODE: 8,=0A= DOCUMENT_NODE: 9,=0A= DOCUMENT_TYPE_NODE: 10,=0A= DOCUMENT_FRAGMENT_NODE: 11,=0A= NOTATION_NODE: 12=0A= });=0A= }=0A= =0A= (function() {=0A= var element =3D this.Element;=0A= this.Element =3D function(tagName, attributes) {=0A= attributes =3D attributes || { };=0A= tagName =3D tagName.toLowerCase();=0A= var cache =3D Element.cache;=0A= if (Prototype.Browser.IE && attributes.name) {=0A= tagName =3D '<' + tagName + ' name=3D"' + attributes.name + '">';=0A= delete attributes.name;=0A= return Element.writeAttribute(document.createElement(tagName), = attributes);=0A= }=0A= if (!cache[tagName]) cache[tagName] =3D = Element.extend(document.createElement(tagName));=0A= return Element.writeAttribute(cache[tagName].cloneNode(false), = attributes);=0A= };=0A= Object.extend(this.Element, element || { });=0A= }).call(window);=0A= =0A= Element.cache =3D { };=0A= =0A= Element.Methods =3D {=0A= visible: function(element) {=0A= return $(element).style.display !=3D 'none';=0A= },=0A= =0A= toggle: function(element) {=0A= element =3D $(element);=0A= Element[Element.visible(element) ? 'hide' : 'show'](element);=0A= return element;=0A= },=0A= =0A= hide: function(element) {=0A= $(element).style.display =3D 'none';=0A= return element;=0A= },=0A= =0A= show: function(element) {=0A= $(element).style.display =3D '';=0A= return element;=0A= },=0A= =0A= remove: function(element) {=0A= element =3D $(element);=0A= element.parentNode.removeChild(element);=0A= return element;=0A= },=0A= =0A= update: function(element, content) {=0A= element =3D $(element);=0A= if (content && content.toElement) content =3D content.toElement();=0A= if (Object.isElement(content)) return = element.update().insert(content);=0A= content =3D Object.toHTML(content);=0A= element.innerHTML =3D content.stripScripts();=0A= content.evalScripts.bind(content).defer();=0A= return element;=0A= },=0A= =0A= replace: function(element, content) {=0A= element =3D $(element);=0A= if (content && content.toElement) content =3D content.toElement();=0A= else if (!Object.isElement(content)) {=0A= content =3D Object.toHTML(content);=0A= var range =3D element.ownerDocument.createRange();=0A= range.selectNode(element);=0A= content.evalScripts.bind(content).defer();=0A= content =3D range.createContextualFragment(content.stripScripts());=0A= }=0A= element.parentNode.replaceChild(content, element);=0A= return element;=0A= },=0A= =0A= insert: function(element, insertions) {=0A= element =3D $(element);=0A= =0A= if (Object.isString(insertions) || Object.isNumber(insertions) ||=0A= Object.isElement(insertions) || (insertions && = (insertions.toElement || insertions.toHTML)))=0A= insertions =3D {bottom:insertions};=0A= =0A= var content, t, range;=0A= =0A= for (position in insertions) {=0A= content =3D insertions[position];=0A= position =3D position.toLowerCase();=0A= t =3D Element._insertionTranslations[position];=0A= =0A= if (content && content.toElement) content =3D content.toElement();=0A= if (Object.isElement(content)) {=0A= t.insert(element, content);=0A= continue;=0A= }=0A= =0A= content =3D Object.toHTML(content);=0A= =0A= range =3D element.ownerDocument.createRange();=0A= t.initializeRange(element, range);=0A= t.insert(element, = range.createContextualFragment(content.stripScripts()));=0A= =0A= content.evalScripts.bind(content).defer();=0A= }=0A= =0A= return element;=0A= },=0A= =0A= wrap: function(element, wrapper, attributes) {=0A= element =3D $(element);=0A= if (Object.isElement(wrapper))=0A= $(wrapper).writeAttribute(attributes || { });=0A= else if (Object.isString(wrapper)) wrapper =3D new Element(wrapper, = attributes);=0A= else wrapper =3D new Element('div', wrapper);=0A= if (element.parentNode)=0A= element.parentNode.replaceChild(wrapper, element);=0A= wrapper.appendChild(element);=0A= return wrapper;=0A= },=0A= =0A= inspect: function(element) {=0A= element =3D $(element);=0A= var result =3D '<' + element.tagName.toLowerCase();=0A= $H({'id': 'id', 'className': 'class'}).each(function(pair) {=0A= var property =3D pair.first(), attribute =3D pair.last();=0A= var value =3D (element[property] || '').toString();=0A= if (value) result +=3D ' ' + attribute + '=3D' + = value.inspect(true);=0A= });=0A= return result + '>';=0A= },=0A= =0A= recursivelyCollect: function(element, property) {=0A= element =3D $(element);=0A= var elements =3D [];=0A= while (element =3D element[property])=0A= if (element.nodeType =3D=3D 1)=0A= elements.push(Element.extend(element));=0A= return elements;=0A= },=0A= =0A= ancestors: function(element) {=0A= return $(element).recursivelyCollect('parentNode');=0A= },=0A= =0A= descendants: function(element) {=0A= return $A($(element).getElementsByTagName('*')).each(Element.extend);=0A= },=0A= =0A= firstDescendant: function(element) {=0A= element =3D $(element).firstChild;=0A= while (element && element.nodeType !=3D 1) element =3D = element.nextSibling;=0A= return $(element);=0A= },=0A= =0A= immediateDescendants: function(element) {=0A= if (!(element =3D $(element).firstChild)) return [];=0A= while (element && element.nodeType !=3D 1) element =3D = element.nextSibling;=0A= if (element) return [element].concat($(element).nextSiblings());=0A= return [];=0A= },=0A= =0A= previousSiblings: function(element) {=0A= return $(element).recursivelyCollect('previousSibling');=0A= },=0A= =0A= nextSiblings: function(element) {=0A= return $(element).recursivelyCollect('nextSibling');=0A= },=0A= =0A= siblings: function(element) {=0A= element =3D $(element);=0A= return = element.previousSiblings().reverse().concat(element.nextSiblings());=0A= },=0A= =0A= match: function(element, selector) {=0A= if (Object.isString(selector))=0A= selector =3D new Selector(selector);=0A= return selector.match($(element));=0A= },=0A= =0A= up: function(element, expression, index) {=0A= element =3D $(element);=0A= if (arguments.length =3D=3D 1) return $(element.parentNode);=0A= var ancestors =3D element.ancestors();=0A= return expression ? Selector.findElement(ancestors, expression, = index) :=0A= ancestors[index || 0];=0A= },=0A= =0A= down: function(element, expression, index) {=0A= element =3D $(element);=0A= if (arguments.length =3D=3D 1) return element.firstDescendant();=0A= var descendants =3D element.descendants();=0A= return expression ? Selector.findElement(descendants, expression, = index) :=0A= descendants[index || 0];=0A= },=0A= =0A= previous: function(element, expression, index) {=0A= element =3D $(element);=0A= if (arguments.length =3D=3D 1) return = $(Selector.handlers.previousElementSibling(element));=0A= var previousSiblings =3D element.previousSiblings();=0A= return expression ? Selector.findElement(previousSiblings, = expression, index) :=0A= previousSiblings[index || 0];=0A= },=0A= =0A= next: function(element, expression, index) {=0A= element =3D $(element);=0A= if (arguments.length =3D=3D 1) return = $(Selector.handlers.nextElementSibling(element));=0A= var nextSiblings =3D element.nextSiblings();=0A= return expression ? Selector.findElement(nextSiblings, expression, = index) :=0A= nextSiblings[index || 0];=0A= },=0A= =0A= select: function() {=0A= var args =3D $A(arguments), element =3D $(args.shift());=0A= return Selector.findChildElements(element, args);=0A= },=0A= =0A= adjacent: function() {=0A= var args =3D $A(arguments), element =3D $(args.shift());=0A= return Selector.findChildElements(element.parentNode, = args).without(element);=0A= },=0A= =0A= identify: function(element) {=0A= element =3D $(element);=0A= var id =3D element.readAttribute('id'), self =3D arguments.callee;=0A= if (id) return id;=0A= do { id =3D 'anonymous_element_' + self.counter++ } while ($(id));=0A= element.writeAttribute('id', id);=0A= return id;=0A= },=0A= =0A= readAttribute: function(element, name) {=0A= element =3D $(element);=0A= if (Prototype.Browser.IE) {=0A= var t =3D Element._attributeTranslations.read;=0A= if (t.values[name]) return t.values[name](element, name);=0A= if (t.names[name]) name =3D t.names[name];=0A= if (name.include(':')) {=0A= return (!element.attributes || !element.attributes[name]) ? null = :=0A= element.attributes[name].value;=0A= }=0A= }=0A= return element.getAttribute(name);=0A= },=0A= =0A= writeAttribute: function(element, name, value) {=0A= element =3D $(element);=0A= var attributes =3D { }, t =3D Element._attributeTranslations.write;=0A= =0A= if (typeof name =3D=3D 'object') attributes =3D name;=0A= else attributes[name] =3D value =3D=3D=3D undefined ? true : value;=0A= =0A= for (var attr in attributes) {=0A= var name =3D t.names[attr] || attr, value =3D attributes[attr];=0A= if (t.values[attr]) name =3D t.values[attr](element, value);=0A= if (value =3D=3D=3D false || value =3D=3D=3D null)=0A= element.removeAttribute(name);=0A= else if (value =3D=3D=3D true)=0A= element.setAttribute(name, name);=0A= else element.setAttribute(name, value);=0A= }=0A= return element;=0A= },=0A= =0A= getHeight: function(element) {=0A= return $(element).getDimensions().height;=0A= },=0A= =0A= getWidth: function(element) {=0A= return $(element).getDimensions().width;=0A= },=0A= =0A= classNames: function(element) {=0A= return new Element.ClassNames(element);=0A= },=0A= =0A= hasClassName: function(element, className) {=0A= if (!(element =3D $(element))) return;=0A= var elementClassName =3D element.className;=0A= return (elementClassName.length > 0 && (elementClassName =3D=3D = className ||=0A= new RegExp("(^|\\s)" + className + = "(\\s|$)").test(elementClassName)));=0A= },=0A= =0A= addClassName: function(element, className) {=0A= if (!(element =3D $(element))) return;=0A= if (!element.hasClassName(className))=0A= element.className +=3D (element.className ? ' ' : '') + className;=0A= return element;=0A= },=0A= =0A= removeClassName: function(element, className) {=0A= if (!(element =3D $(element))) return;=0A= element.className =3D element.className.replace(=0A= new RegExp("(^|\\s+)" + className + "(\\s+|$)"), ' ').strip();=0A= return element;=0A= },=0A= =0A= toggleClassName: function(element, className) {=0A= if (!(element =3D $(element))) return;=0A= return element[element.hasClassName(className) ?=0A= 'removeClassName' : 'addClassName'](className);=0A= },=0A= =0A= // removes whitespace-only text node children=0A= cleanWhitespace: function(element) {=0A= element =3D $(element);=0A= var node =3D element.firstChild;=0A= while (node) {=0A= var nextNode =3D node.nextSibling;=0A= if (node.nodeType =3D=3D 3 && !/\S/.test(node.nodeValue))=0A= element.removeChild(node);=0A= node =3D nextNode;=0A= }=0A= return element;=0A= },=0A= =0A= empty: function(element) {=0A= return $(element).innerHTML.blank();=0A= },=0A= =0A= descendantOf: function(element, ancestor) {=0A= element =3D $(element), ancestor =3D $(ancestor);=0A= =0A= if (element.compareDocumentPosition)=0A= return (element.compareDocumentPosition(ancestor) & 8) =3D=3D=3D 8;=0A= =0A= if (element.sourceIndex && !Prototype.Browser.Opera) {=0A= var e =3D element.sourceIndex, a =3D ancestor.sourceIndex,=0A= nextAncestor =3D ancestor.nextSibling;=0A= if (!nextAncestor) {=0A= do { ancestor =3D ancestor.parentNode; }=0A= while (!(nextAncestor =3D ancestor.nextSibling) && = ancestor.parentNode);=0A= }=0A= if (nextAncestor) return (e > a && e < nextAncestor.sourceIndex);=0A= }=0A= =0A= while (element =3D element.parentNode)=0A= if (element =3D=3D ancestor) return true;=0A= return false;=0A= },=0A= =0A= scrollTo: function(element) {=0A= element =3D $(element);=0A= var pos =3D element.cumulativeOffset();=0A= window.scrollTo(pos[0], pos[1]);=0A= return element;=0A= },=0A= =0A= getStyle: function(element, style) {=0A= element =3D $(element);=0A= style =3D style =3D=3D 'float' ? 'cssFloat' : style.camelize();=0A= var value =3D element.style[style];=0A= if (!value) {=0A= var css =3D document.defaultView.getComputedStyle(element, null);=0A= value =3D css ? css[style] : null;=0A= }=0A= if (style =3D=3D 'opacity') return value ? parseFloat(value) : 1.0;=0A= return value =3D=3D 'auto' ? null : value;=0A= },=0A= =0A= getOpacity: function(element) {=0A= return $(element).getStyle('opacity');=0A= },=0A= =0A= setStyle: function(element, styles) {=0A= element =3D $(element);=0A= var elementStyle =3D element.style, match;=0A= if (Object.isString(styles)) {=0A= element.style.cssText +=3D ';' + styles;=0A= return styles.include('opacity') ?=0A= element.setOpacity(styles.match(/opacity:\s*(\d?\.?\d*)/)[1]) : = element;=0A= }=0A= for (var property in styles)=0A= if (property =3D=3D 'opacity') = element.setOpacity(styles[property]);=0A= else=0A= elementStyle[(property =3D=3D 'float' || property =3D=3D = 'cssFloat') ?=0A= (elementStyle.styleFloat =3D=3D=3D undefined ? 'cssFloat' : = 'styleFloat') :=0A= property] =3D styles[property];=0A= =0A= return element;=0A= },=0A= =0A= setOpacity: function(element, value) {=0A= element =3D $(element);=0A= element.style.opacity =3D (value =3D=3D 1 || value =3D=3D=3D '') ? = '' :=0A= (value < 0.00001) ? 0 : value;=0A= return element;=0A= },=0A= =0A= getDimensions: function(element) {=0A= element =3D $(element);=0A= var display =3D $(element).getStyle('display');=0A= if (display !=3D 'none' && display !=3D null) // Safari bug=0A= return {width: element.offsetWidth, height: element.offsetHeight};=0A= =0A= // All *Width and *Height properties give 0 on elements with display = none,=0A= // so enable the element temporarily=0A= var els =3D element.style;=0A= var originalVisibility =3D els.visibility;=0A= var originalPosition =3D els.position;=0A= var originalDisplay =3D els.display;=0A= els.visibility =3D 'hidden';=0A= els.position =3D 'absolute';=0A= els.display =3D 'block';=0A= var originalWidth =3D element.clientWidth;=0A= var originalHeight =3D element.clientHeight;=0A= els.display =3D originalDisplay;=0A= els.position =3D originalPosition;=0A= els.visibility =3D originalVisibility;=0A= return {width: originalWidth, height: originalHeight};=0A= },=0A= =0A= makePositioned: function(element) {=0A= element =3D $(element);=0A= var pos =3D Element.getStyle(element, 'position');=0A= if (pos =3D=3D 'static' || !pos) {=0A= element._madePositioned =3D true;=0A= element.style.position =3D 'relative';=0A= // Opera returns the offset relative to the positioning context, = when an=0A= // element is position relative but top and left have not been = defined=0A= if (window.opera) {=0A= element.style.top =3D 0;=0A= element.style.left =3D 0;=0A= }=0A= }=0A= return element;=0A= },=0A= =0A= undoPositioned: function(element) {=0A= element =3D $(element);=0A= if (element._madePositioned) {=0A= element._madePositioned =3D undefined;=0A= element.style.position =3D=0A= element.style.top =3D=0A= element.style.left =3D=0A= element.style.bottom =3D=0A= element.style.right =3D '';=0A= }=0A= return element;=0A= },=0A= =0A= makeClipping: function(element) {=0A= element =3D $(element);=0A= if (element._overflow) return element;=0A= element._overflow =3D Element.getStyle(element, 'overflow') || = 'auto';=0A= if (element._overflow !=3D=3D 'hidden')=0A= element.style.overflow =3D 'hidden';=0A= return element;=0A= },=0A= =0A= undoClipping: function(element) {=0A= element =3D $(element);=0A= if (!element._overflow) return element;=0A= element.style.overflow =3D element._overflow =3D=3D 'auto' ? '' : = element._overflow;=0A= element._overflow =3D null;=0A= return element;=0A= },=0A= =0A= cumulativeOffset: function(element) {=0A= var valueT =3D 0, valueL =3D 0;=0A= do {=0A= valueT +=3D element.offsetTop || 0;=0A= valueL +=3D element.offsetLeft || 0;=0A= element =3D element.offsetParent;=0A= } while (element);=0A= return Element._returnOffset(valueL, valueT);=0A= },=0A= =0A= positionedOffset: function(element) {=0A= var valueT =3D 0, valueL =3D 0;=0A= do {=0A= valueT +=3D element.offsetTop || 0;=0A= valueL +=3D element.offsetLeft || 0;=0A= element =3D element.offsetParent;=0A= if (element) {=0A= if (element.tagName =3D=3D 'BODY') break;=0A= var p =3D Element.getStyle(element, 'position');=0A= if (p =3D=3D 'relative' || p =3D=3D 'absolute') break;=0A= }=0A= } while (element);=0A= return Element._returnOffset(valueL, valueT);=0A= },=0A= =0A= absolutize: function(element) {=0A= element =3D $(element);=0A= if (element.getStyle('position') =3D=3D 'absolute') return;=0A= // Position.prepare(); // To be done manually by Scripty when it = needs it.=0A= =0A= var offsets =3D element.positionedOffset();=0A= var top =3D offsets[1];=0A= var left =3D offsets[0];=0A= var width =3D element.clientWidth;=0A= var height =3D element.clientHeight;=0A= =0A= element._originalLeft =3D left - parseFloat(element.style.left || = 0);=0A= element._originalTop =3D top - parseFloat(element.style.top || = 0);=0A= element._originalWidth =3D element.style.width;=0A= element._originalHeight =3D element.style.height;=0A= =0A= element.style.position =3D 'absolute';=0A= element.style.top =3D top + 'px';=0A= element.style.left =3D left + 'px';=0A= element.style.width =3D width + 'px';=0A= element.style.height =3D height + 'px';=0A= return element;=0A= },=0A= =0A= relativize: function(element) {=0A= element =3D $(element);=0A= if (element.getStyle('position') =3D=3D 'relative') return;=0A= // Position.prepare(); // To be done manually by Scripty when it = needs it.=0A= =0A= element.style.position =3D 'relative';=0A= var top =3D parseFloat(element.style.top || 0) - = (element._originalTop || 0);=0A= var left =3D parseFloat(element.style.left || 0) - = (element._originalLeft || 0);=0A= =0A= element.style.top =3D top + 'px';=0A= element.style.left =3D left + 'px';=0A= element.style.height =3D element._originalHeight;=0A= element.style.width =3D element._originalWidth;=0A= return element;=0A= },=0A= =0A= cumulativeScrollOffset: function(element) {=0A= var valueT =3D 0, valueL =3D 0;=0A= do {=0A= valueT +=3D element.scrollTop || 0;=0A= valueL +=3D element.scrollLeft || 0;=0A= element =3D element.parentNode;=0A= } while (element);=0A= return Element._returnOffset(valueL, valueT);=0A= },=0A= =0A= getOffsetParent: function(element) {=0A= if (element.offsetParent) return $(element.offsetParent);=0A= if (element =3D=3D document.body) return $(element);=0A= =0A= while ((element =3D element.parentNode) && element !=3D = document.body)=0A= if (Element.getStyle(element, 'position') !=3D 'static')=0A= return $(element);=0A= =0A= return $(document.body);=0A= },=0A= =0A= viewportOffset: function(forElement) {=0A= var valueT =3D 0, valueL =3D 0;=0A= =0A= var element =3D forElement;=0A= do {=0A= valueT +=3D element.offsetTop || 0;=0A= valueL +=3D element.offsetLeft || 0;=0A= =0A= // Safari fix=0A= if (element.offsetParent =3D=3D document.body &&=0A= Element.getStyle(element, 'position') =3D=3D 'absolute') break;=0A= =0A= } while (element =3D element.offsetParent);=0A= =0A= element =3D forElement;=0A= do {=0A= if (!Prototype.Browser.Opera || element.tagName =3D=3D 'BODY') {=0A= valueT -=3D element.scrollTop || 0;=0A= valueL -=3D element.scrollLeft || 0;=0A= }=0A= } while (element =3D element.parentNode);=0A= =0A= return Element._returnOffset(valueL, valueT);=0A= },=0A= =0A= clonePosition: function(element, source) {=0A= var options =3D Object.extend({=0A= setLeft: true,=0A= setTop: true,=0A= setWidth: true,=0A= setHeight: true,=0A= offsetTop: 0,=0A= offsetLeft: 0=0A= }, arguments[2] || { });=0A= =0A= // find page position of source=0A= source =3D $(source);=0A= var p =3D source.viewportOffset();=0A= =0A= // find coordinate system to use=0A= element =3D $(element);=0A= var delta =3D [0, 0];=0A= var parent =3D null;=0A= // delta [0,0] will do fine with position: fixed elements,=0A= // position:absolute needs offsetParent deltas=0A= if (Element.getStyle(element, 'position') =3D=3D 'absolute') {=0A= parent =3D element.getOffsetParent();=0A= delta =3D parent.viewportOffset();=0A= }=0A= =0A= // correct by body offsets (fixes Safari)=0A= if (parent =3D=3D document.body) {=0A= delta[0] -=3D document.body.offsetLeft;=0A= delta[1] -=3D document.body.offsetTop;=0A= }=0A= =0A= // set position=0A= if (options.setLeft) element.style.left =3D (p[0] - delta[0] + = options.offsetLeft) + 'px';=0A= if (options.setTop) element.style.top =3D (p[1] - delta[1] + = options.offsetTop) + 'px';=0A= if (options.setWidth) element.style.width =3D source.offsetWidth + = 'px';=0A= if (options.setHeight) element.style.height =3D source.offsetHeight = + 'px';=0A= return element;=0A= }=0A= };=0A= =0A= Element.Methods.identify.counter =3D 1;=0A= =0A= Object.extend(Element.Methods, {=0A= getElementsBySelector: Element.Methods.select,=0A= childElements: Element.Methods.immediateDescendants=0A= });=0A= =0A= Element._attributeTranslations =3D {=0A= write: {=0A= names: {=0A= className: 'class',=0A= htmlFor: 'for'=0A= },=0A= values: { }=0A= }=0A= };=0A= =0A= =0A= if (!document.createRange || Prototype.Browser.Opera) {=0A= Element.Methods.insert =3D function(element, insertions) {=0A= element =3D $(element);=0A= =0A= if (Object.isString(insertions) || Object.isNumber(insertions) ||=0A= Object.isElement(insertions) || (insertions && = (insertions.toElement || insertions.toHTML)))=0A= insertions =3D { bottom: insertions };=0A= =0A= var t =3D Element._insertionTranslations, content, position, pos, = tagName;=0A= =0A= for (position in insertions) {=0A= content =3D insertions[position];=0A= position =3D position.toLowerCase();=0A= pos =3D t[position];=0A= =0A= if (content && content.toElement) content =3D content.toElement();=0A= if (Object.isElement(content)) {=0A= pos.insert(element, content);=0A= continue;=0A= }=0A= =0A= content =3D Object.toHTML(content);=0A= tagName =3D ((position =3D=3D 'before' || position =3D=3D 'after')=0A= ? element.parentNode : element).tagName.toUpperCase();=0A= =0A= if (t.tags[tagName]) {=0A= var fragments =3D = Element._getContentFromAnonymousElement(tagName, content.stripScripts());=0A= if (position =3D=3D 'top' || position =3D=3D 'after') = fragments.reverse();=0A= fragments.each(pos.insert.curry(element));=0A= }=0A= else element.insertAdjacentHTML(pos.adjacency, = content.stripScripts());=0A= =0A= content.evalScripts.bind(content).defer();=0A= }=0A= =0A= return element;=0A= };=0A= }=0A= =0A= if (Prototype.Browser.Opera) {=0A= Element.Methods._getStyle =3D Element.Methods.getStyle;=0A= Element.Methods.getStyle =3D function(element, style) {=0A= switch(style) {=0A= case 'left':=0A= case 'top':=0A= case 'right':=0A= case 'bottom':=0A= if (Element._getStyle(element, 'position') =3D=3D 'static') = return null;=0A= default: return Element._getStyle(element, style);=0A= }=0A= };=0A= Element.Methods._readAttribute =3D Element.Methods.readAttribute;=0A= Element.Methods.readAttribute =3D function(element, attribute) {=0A= if (attribute =3D=3D 'title') return element.title;=0A= return Element._readAttribute(element, attribute);=0A= };=0A= }=0A= =0A= else if (Prototype.Browser.IE) {=0A= $w('positionedOffset getOffsetParent = viewportOffset').each(function(method) {=0A= Element.Methods[method] =3D Element.Methods[method].wrap(=0A= function(proceed, element) {=0A= element =3D $(element);=0A= var position =3D element.getStyle('position');=0A= if (position !=3D 'static') return proceed(element);=0A= element.setStyle({ position: 'relative' });=0A= var value =3D proceed(element);=0A= element.setStyle({ position: position });=0A= return value;=0A= }=0A= );=0A= });=0A= =0A= Element.Methods.getStyle =3D function(element, style) {=0A= element =3D $(element);=0A= style =3D (style =3D=3D 'float' || style =3D=3D 'cssFloat') ? = 'styleFloat' : style.camelize();=0A= var value =3D element.style[style];=0A= if (!value && element.currentStyle) value =3D = element.currentStyle[style];=0A= =0A= if (style =3D=3D 'opacity') {=0A= if (value =3D (element.getStyle('filter') || = '').match(/alpha$opacity=3D(.*)$/))=0A= if (value[1]) return parseFloat(value[1]) / 100;=0A= return 1.0;=0A= }=0A= =0A= if (value =3D=3D 'auto') {=0A= if ((style =3D=3D 'width' || style =3D=3D 'height') && = (element.getStyle('display') !=3D 'none'))=0A= return element['offset' + style.capitalize()] + 'px';=0A= return null;=0A= }=0A= return value;=0A= };=0A= =0A= Element.Methods.setOpacity =3D function(element, value) {=0A= function stripAlpha(filter){=0A= return filter.replace(/alpha$[^$]*\)/gi,'');=0A= }=0A= element =3D $(element);=0A= var currentStyle =3D element.currentStyle;=0A= if ((currentStyle && !currentStyle.hasLayout) ||=0A= (!currentStyle && element.style.zoom =3D=3D 'normal'))=0A= element.style.zoom =3D 1;=0A= =0A= var filter =3D element.getStyle('filter'), style =3D element.style;=0A= if (value =3D=3D 1 || value =3D=3D=3D '') {=0A= (filter =3D stripAlpha(filter)) ?=0A= style.filter =3D filter : style.removeAttribute('filter');=0A= return element;=0A= } else if (value < 0.00001) value =3D 0;=0A= style.filter =3D stripAlpha(filter) +=0A= 'alpha(opacity=3D' + (value * 100) + ')';=0A= return element;=0A= };=0A= =0A= Element._attributeTranslations =3D {=0A= read: {=0A= names: {=0A= 'class': 'className',=0A= 'for': 'htmlFor'=0A= },=0A= values: {=0A= _getAttr: function(element, attribute) {=0A= return element.getAttribute(attribute, 2);=0A= },=0A= _getAttrNode: function(element, attribute) {=0A= var node =3D element.getAttributeNode(attribute);=0A= return node ? node.value : "";=0A= },=0A= _getEv: function(element, attribute) {=0A= var attribute =3D element.getAttribute(attribute);=0A= return attribute ? attribute.toString().slice(23, -2) : null;=0A= },=0A= _flag: function(element, attribute) {=0A= return $(element).hasAttribute(attribute) ? attribute : null;=0A= },=0A= style: function(element) {=0A= return element.style.cssText.toLowerCase();=0A= },=0A= title: function(element) {=0A= return element.title;=0A= }=0A= }=0A= }=0A= };=0A= =0A= Element._attributeTranslations.write =3D {=0A= names: Object.clone(Element._attributeTranslations.read.names),=0A= values: {=0A= checked: function(element, value) {=0A= element.checked =3D !!value;=0A= },=0A= =0A= style: function(element, value) {=0A= element.style.cssText =3D value ? value : '';=0A= }=0A= }=0A= };=0A= =0A= Element._attributeTranslations.has =3D {};=0A= =0A= $w('colSpan rowSpan vAlign dateTime accessKey tabIndex ' +=0A= 'encType maxLength readOnly longDesc').each(function(attr) {=0A= Element._attributeTranslations.write.names[attr.toLowerCase()] =3D = attr;=0A= Element._attributeTranslations.has[attr.toLowerCase()] =3D attr;=0A= });=0A= =0A= (function(v) {=0A= Object.extend(v, {=0A= href: v._getAttr,=0A= src: v._getAttr,=0A= type: v._getAttr,=0A= action: v._getAttrNode,=0A= disabled: v._flag,=0A= checked: v._flag,=0A= readonly: v._flag,=0A= multiple: v._flag,=0A= onload: v._getEv,=0A= onunload: v._getEv,=0A= onclick: v._getEv,=0A= ondblclick: v._getEv,=0A= onmousedown: v._getEv,=0A= onmouseup: v._getEv,=0A= onmouseover: v._getEv,=0A= onmousemove: v._getEv,=0A= onmouseout: v._getEv,=0A= onfocus: v._getEv,=0A= onblur: v._getEv,=0A= onkeypress: v._getEv,=0A= onkeydown: v._getEv,=0A= onkeyup: v._getEv,=0A= onsubmit: v._getEv,=0A= onreset: v._getEv,=0A= onselect: v._getEv,=0A= onchange: v._getEv=0A= });=0A= })(Element._attributeTranslations.read.values);=0A= }=0A= =0A= else if (Prototype.Browser.Gecko && = /rv:1\.8\.0/.test(navigator.userAgent)) {=0A= Element.Methods.setOpacity =3D function(element, value) {=0A= element =3D $(element);=0A= element.style.opacity =3D (value =3D=3D 1) ? 0.999999 :=0A= (value =3D=3D=3D '') ? '' : (value < 0.00001) ? 0 : value;=0A= return element;=0A= };=0A= }=0A= =0A= else if (Prototype.Browser.WebKit) {=0A= Element.Methods.setOpacity =3D function(element, value) {=0A= element =3D $(element);=0A= element.style.opacity =3D (value =3D=3D 1 || value =3D=3D=3D '') ? = '' :=0A= (value < 0.00001) ? 0 : value;=0A= =0A= if (value =3D=3D 1)=0A= if(element.tagName =3D=3D 'IMG' && element.width) {=0A= element.width++; element.width--;=0A= } else try {=0A= var n =3D document.createTextNode(' ');=0A= element.appendChild(n);=0A= element.removeChild(n);=0A= } catch (e) { }=0A= =0A= return element;=0A= };=0A= =0A= // Safari returns margins on body which is incorrect if the child is = absolutely=0A= // positioned. For performance reasons, redefine = Position.cumulativeOffset for=0A= // KHTML/WebKit only.=0A= Element.Methods.cumulativeOffset =3D function(element) {=0A= var valueT =3D 0, valueL =3D 0;=0A= do {=0A= valueT +=3D element.offsetTop || 0;=0A= valueL +=3D element.offsetLeft || 0;=0A= if (element.offsetParent =3D=3D document.body)=0A= if (Element.getStyle(element, 'position') =3D=3D 'absolute') = break;=0A= =0A= element =3D element.offsetParent;=0A= } while (element);=0A= =0A= return Element._returnOffset(valueL, valueT);=0A= };=0A= }=0A= =0A= if (Prototype.Browser.IE || Prototype.Browser.Opera) {=0A= // IE and Opera are missing .innerHTML support for TABLE-related and = SELECT elements=0A= Element.Methods.update =3D function(element, content) {=0A= element =3D $(element);=0A= =0A= if (content && content.toElement) content =3D content.toElement();=0A= if (Object.isElement(content)) return = element.update().insert(content);=0A= =0A= content =3D Object.toHTML(content);=0A= var tagName =3D element.tagName.toUpperCase();=0A= =0A= if (tagName in Element._insertionTranslations.tags) {=0A= $A(element.childNodes).each(function(node) { = element.removeChild(node) });=0A= Element._getContentFromAnonymousElement(tagName, = content.stripScripts())=0A= .each(function(node) { element.appendChild(node) });=0A= }=0A= else element.innerHTML =3D content.stripScripts();=0A= =0A= content.evalScripts.bind(content).defer();=0A= return element;=0A= };=0A= }=0A= =0A= if (document.createElement('div').outerHTML) {=0A= Element.Methods.replace =3D function(element, content) {=0A= element =3D $(element);=0A= =0A= if (content && content.toElement) content =3D content.toElement();=0A= if (Object.isElement(content)) {=0A= element.parentNode.replaceChild(content, element);=0A= return element;=0A= }=0A= =0A= content =3D Object.toHTML(content);=0A= var parent =3D element.parentNode, tagName =3D = parent.tagName.toUpperCase();=0A= =0A= if (Element._insertionTranslations.tags[tagName]) {=0A= var nextSibling =3D element.next();=0A= var fragments =3D Element._getContentFromAnonymousElement(tagName, = content.stripScripts());=0A= parent.removeChild(element);=0A= if (nextSibling)=0A= fragments.each(function(node) { parent.insertBefore(node, = nextSibling) });=0A= else=0A= fragments.each(function(node) { parent.appendChild(node) });=0A= }=0A= else element.outerHTML =3D content.stripScripts();=0A= =0A= content.evalScripts.bind(content).defer();=0A= return element;=0A= };=0A= }=0A= =0A= Element._returnOffset =3D function(l, t) {=0A= var result =3D [l, t];=0A= result.left =3D l;=0A= result.top =3D t;=0A= return result;=0A= };=0A= =0A= Element._getContentFromAnonymousElement =3D function(tagName, html) {=0A= var div =3D new Element('div'), t =3D = Element._insertionTranslations.tags[tagName];=0A= div.innerHTML =3D t[0] + html + t[1];=0A= t[2].times(function() { div =3D div.firstChild });=0A= return $A(div.childNodes);=0A= };=0A= =0A= Element._insertionTranslations =3D {=0A= before: {=0A= adjacency: 'beforeBegin',=0A= insert: function(element, node) {=0A= element.parentNode.insertBefore(node, element);=0A= },=0A= initializeRange: function(element, range) {=0A= range.setStartBefore(element);=0A= }=0A= },=0A= top: {=0A= adjacency: 'afterBegin',=0A= insert: function(element, node) {=0A= element.insertBefore(node, element.firstChild);=0A= },=0A= initializeRange: function(element, range) {=0A= range.selectNodeContents(element);=0A= range.collapse(true);=0A= }=0A= },=0A= bottom: {=0A= adjacency: 'beforeEnd',=0A= insert: function(element, node) {=0A= element.appendChild(node);=0A= }=0A= },=0A= after: {=0A= adjacency: 'afterEnd',=0A= insert: function(element, node) {=0A= element.parentNode.insertBefore(node, element.nextSibling);=0A= },=0A= initializeRange: function(element, range) {=0A= range.setStartAfter(element);=0A= }=0A= },=0A= tags: {=0A= TABLE: ['

About=20 ScienceDirect | Contact Us | Information for Advertisers = | Terms & Conditions | = Privacy Policy

', '

', 1],=0A= TBODY: ['', '

', 2],=0A= TR: ['', '

', 3],=0A= TD: ['

', '

', 4],=0A= SELECT: ['', 1]=0A= }=0A= };=0A= =0A= (function() {=0A= this.bottom.initializeRange =3D this.top.initializeRange;=0A= Object.extend(this.tags, {=0A= THEAD: this.tags.TBODY,=0A= TFOOT: this.tags.TBODY,=0A= TH: this.tags.TD=0A= });=0A= }).call(Element._insertionTranslations);=0A= =0A= Element.Methods.Simulated =3D {=0A= hasAttribute: function(element, attribute) {=0A= attribute =3D Element._attributeTranslations.has[attribute] || = attribute;=0A= var node =3D $(element).getAttributeNode(attribute);=0A= return node && node.specified;=0A= }=0A= };=0A= =0A= Element.Methods.ByTag =3D { };=0A= =0A= Object.extend(Element, Element.Methods);=0A= =0A= if (!Prototype.BrowserFeatures.ElementExtensions &&=0A= document.createElement('div').__proto__) {=0A= window.HTMLElement =3D { };=0A= window.HTMLElement.prototype =3D = document.createElement('div').__proto__;=0A= Prototype.BrowserFeatures.ElementExtensions =3D true;=0A= }=0A= =0A= Element.extend =3D (function() {=0A= if (Prototype.BrowserFeatures.SpecificElementExtensions)=0A= return Prototype.K;=0A= =0A= var Methods =3D { }, ByTag =3D Element.Methods.ByTag;=0A= =0A= var extend =3D Object.extend(function(element) {=0A= if (!element || element._extendedByPrototype ||=0A= element.nodeType !=3D 1 || element =3D=3D window) return element;=0A= =0A= var methods =3D Object.clone(Methods),=0A= tagName =3D element.tagName, property, value;=0A= =0A= // extend methods for specific tags=0A= if (ByTag[tagName]) Object.extend(methods, ByTag[tagName]);=0A= =0A= for (property in methods) {=0A= value =3D methods[property];=0A= if (Object.isFunction(value) && !(property in element))=0A= element[property] =3D value.methodize();=0A= }=0A= =0A= element._extendedByPrototype =3D Prototype.emptyFunction;=0A= return element;=0A= =0A= }, {=0A= refresh: function() {=0A= // extend methods for all tags (Safari doesn't need this)=0A= if (!Prototype.BrowserFeatures.ElementExtensions) {=0A= Object.extend(Methods, Element.Methods);=0A= Object.extend(Methods, Element.Methods.Simulated);=0A= }=0A= }=0A= });=0A= =0A= extend.refresh();=0A= return extend;=0A= })();=0A= =0A= Element.hasAttribute =3D function(element, attribute) {=0A= if (element.hasAttribute) return element.hasAttribute(attribute);=0A= return Element.Methods.Simulated.hasAttribute(element, attribute);=0A= };=0A= =0A= Element.addMethods =3D function(methods) {=0A= var F =3D Prototype.BrowserFeatures, T =3D Element.Methods.ByTag;=0A= =0A= if (!methods) {=0A= Object.extend(Form, Form.Methods);=0A= Object.extend(Form.Element, Form.Element.Methods);=0A= Object.extend(Element.Methods.ByTag, {=0A= "FORM": Object.clone(Form.Methods),=0A= "INPUT": Object.clone(Form.Element.Methods),=0A= "SELECT": Object.clone(Form.Element.Methods),=0A= "TEXTAREA": Object.clone(Form.Element.Methods)=0A= });=0A= }=0A= =0A= if (arguments.length =3D=3D 2) {=0A= var tagName =3D methods;=0A= methods =3D arguments[1];=0A= }=0A= =0A= if (!tagName) Object.extend(Element.Methods, methods || { });=0A= else {=0A= if (Object.isArray(tagName)) tagName.each(extend);=0A= else extend(tagName);=0A= }=0A= =0A= function extend(tagName) {=0A= tagName =3D tagName.toUpperCase();=0A= if (!Element.Methods.ByTag[tagName])=0A= Element.Methods.ByTag[tagName] =3D { };=0A= Object.extend(Element.Methods.ByTag[tagName], methods);=0A= }=0A= =0A= function copy(methods, destination, onlyIfAbsent) {=0A= onlyIfAbsent =3D onlyIfAbsent || false;=0A= for (var property in methods) {=0A= var value =3D methods[property];=0A= if (!Object.isFunction(value)) continue;=0A= if (!onlyIfAbsent || !(property in destination))=0A= destination[property] =3D value.methodize();=0A= }=0A= }=0A= =0A= function findDOMClass(tagName) {=0A= var klass;=0A= var trans =3D {=0A= "OPTGROUP": "OptGroup", "TEXTAREA": "TextArea", "P": "Paragraph",=0A= "FIELDSET": "FieldSet", "UL": "UList", "OL": "OList", "DL": = "DList",=0A= "DIR": "Directory", "H1": "Heading", "H2": "Heading", "H3": = "Heading",=0A= "H4": "Heading", "H5": "Heading", "H6": "Heading", "Q": "Quote",=0A= "INS": "Mod", "DEL": "Mod", "A": "Anchor", "IMG": "Image", = "CAPTION":=0A= "TableCaption", "COL": "TableCol", "COLGROUP": "TableCol", "THEAD":=0A= "TableSection", "TFOOT": "TableSection", "TBODY": "TableSection", = "TR":=0A= "TableRow", "TH": "TableCell", "TD": "TableCell", "FRAMESET":=0A= "FrameSet", "IFRAME": "IFrame"=0A= };=0A= if (trans[tagName]) klass =3D 'HTML' + trans[tagName] + 'Element';=0A= if (window[klass]) return window[klass];=0A= klass =3D 'HTML' + tagName + 'Element';=0A= if (window[klass]) return window[klass];=0A= klass =3D 'HTML' + tagName.capitalize() + 'Element';=0A= if (window[klass]) return window[klass];=0A= =0A= window[klass] =3D { };=0A= window[klass].prototype =3D = document.createElement(tagName).__proto__;=0A= return window[klass];=0A= }=0A= =0A= if (F.ElementExtensions) {=0A= copy(Element.Methods, HTMLElement.prototype);=0A= copy(Element.Methods.Simulated, HTMLElement.prototype, true);=0A= }=0A= =0A= if (F.SpecificElementExtensions) {=0A= for (var tag in Element.Methods.ByTag) {=0A= var klass =3D findDOMClass(tag);=0A= if (Object.isUndefined(klass)) continue;=0A= copy(T[tag], klass.prototype);=0A= }=0A= }=0A= =0A= Object.extend(Element, Element.Methods);=0A= delete Element.ByTag;=0A= =0A= if (Element.extend.refresh) Element.extend.refresh();=0A= Element.cache =3D { };=0A= };=0A= =0A= document.viewport =3D {=0A= getDimensions: function() {=0A= var dimensions =3D { };=0A= $w('width height').each(function(d) {=0A= var D =3D d.capitalize();=0A= dimensions[d] =3D self['inner' + D] ||=0A= (document.documentElement['client' + D] || document.body['client' = + D]);=0A= });=0A= return dimensions;=0A= },=0A= =0A= getWidth: function() {=0A= return this.getDimensions().width;=0A= },=0A= =0A= getHeight: function() {=0A= return this.getDimensions().height;=0A= },=0A= =0A= getScrollOffsets: function() {=0A= return Element._returnOffset(=0A= window.pageXOffset || document.documentElement.scrollLeft || = document.body.scrollLeft,=0A= window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop || = document.body.scrollTop);=0A= }=0A= };=0A= /* Portions of the Selector class are derived from Jack Slocum=E2=80=99s = DomQuery,=0A= * part of YUI-Ext version 0.40, distributed under the terms of an = MIT-style=0A= * license. Please see http://www.yui-ext.com/ for more information. */=0A= =0A= var Selector =3D Class.create({=0A= initialize: function(expression) {=0A= this.expression =3D expression.strip();=0A= this.compileMatcher();=0A= },=0A= =0A= compileMatcher: function() {=0A= // Selectors with namespaced attributes can't use the XPath version=0A= if (Prototype.BrowserFeatures.XPath && = !(/(\[[\w-]*?:|:checked)/).test(this.expression))=0A= return this.compileXPathMatcher();=0A= =0A= var e =3D this.expression, ps =3D Selector.patterns, h =3D = Selector.handlers,=0A= c =3D Selector.criteria, le, p, m;=0A= =0A= if (Selector._cache[e]) {=0A= this.matcher =3D Selector._cache[e];=0A= return;=0A= }=0A= =0A= this.matcher =3D ["this.matcher =3D function(root) {",=0A= "var r =3D root, h =3D Selector.handlers, c =3D = false, n;"];=0A= =0A= while (e && le !=3D e && (/\S/).test(e)) {=0A= le =3D e;=0A= for (var i in ps) {=0A= p =3D ps[i];=0A= if (m =3D e.match(p)) {=0A= this.matcher.push(Object.isFunction(c[i]) ? c[i](m) :=0A= new Template(c[i]).evaluate(m));=0A= e =3D e.replace(m[0], '');=0A= break;=0A= }=0A= }=0A= }=0A= =0A= this.matcher.push("return h.unique(n);\n}");=0A= eval(this.matcher.join('\n'));=0A= Selector._cache[this.expression] =3D this.matcher;=0A= },=0A= =0A= compileXPathMatcher: function() {=0A= var e =3D this.expression, ps =3D Selector.patterns,=0A= x =3D Selector.xpath, le, m;=0A= =0A= if (Selector._cache[e]) {=0A= this.xpath =3D Selector._cache[e]; return;=0A= }=0A= =0A= this.matcher =3D ['.//*'];=0A= while (e && le !=3D e && (/\S/).test(e)) {=0A= le =3D e;=0A= for (var i in ps) {=0A= if (m =3D e.match(ps[i])) {=0A= this.matcher.push(Object.isFunction(x[i]) ? x[i](m) :=0A= new Template(x[i]).evaluate(m));=0A= e =3D e.replace(m[0], '');=0A= break;=0A= }=0A= }=0A= }=0A= =0A= this.xpath =3D this.matcher.join('');=0A= Selector._cache[this.expression] =3D this.xpath;=0A= },=0A= =0A= findElements: function(root) {=0A= root =3D root || document;=0A= if (this.xpath) return document._getElementsByXPath(this.xpath, = root);=0A= return this.matcher(root);=0A= },=0A= =0A= match: function(element) {=0A= this.tokens =3D [];=0A= =0A= var e =3D this.expression, ps =3D Selector.patterns, as =3D = Selector.assertions;=0A= var le, p, m;=0A= =0A= while (e && le !=3D=3D e && (/\S/).test(e)) {=0A= le =3D e;=0A= for (var i in ps) {=0A= p =3D ps[i];=0A= if (m =3D e.match(p)) {=0A= // use the Selector.assertions methods unless the selector=0A= // is too complex.=0A= if (as[i]) {=0A= this.tokens.push([i, Object.clone(m)]);=0A= e =3D e.replace(m[0], '');=0A= } else {=0A= // reluctantly do a document-wide search=0A= // and look for a match in the array=0A= return this.findElements(document).include(element);=0A= }=0A= }=0A= }=0A= }=0A= =0A= var match =3D true, name, matches;=0A= for (var i =3D 0, token; token =3D this.tokens[i]; i++) {=0A= name =3D token[0], matches =3D token[1];=0A= if (!Selector.assertions[name](element, matches)) {=0A= match =3D false; break;=0A= }=0A= }=0A= =0A= return match;=0A= },=0A= =0A= toString: function() {=0A= return this.expression;=0A= },=0A= =0A= inspect: function() {=0A= return "#";=0A= }=0A= });=0A= =0A= Object.extend(Selector, {=0A= _cache: { },=0A= =0A= xpath: {=0A= descendant: "//*",=0A= child: "/*",=0A= adjacent: "/following-sibling::*[1]",=0A= laterSibling: '/following-sibling::*',=0A= tagName: function(m) {=0A= if (m[1] =3D=3D '*') return '';=0A= return "[local-name()=3D'" + m[1].toLowerCase() +=0A= "' or local-name()=3D'" + m[1].toUpperCase() + "']";=0A= },=0A= className: "[contains(concat(' ', @class, ' '), ' #{1} ')]",=0A= id: "[@id=3D'#{1}']",=0A= attrPresence: "[@#{1}]",=0A= attr: function(m) {=0A= m[3] =3D m[5] || m[6];=0A= return new Template(Selector.xpath.operators[m[2]]).evaluate(m);=0A= },=0A= pseudo: function(m) {=0A= var h =3D Selector.xpath.pseudos[m[1]];=0A= if (!h) return '';=0A= if (Object.isFunction(h)) return h(m);=0A= return new Template(Selector.xpath.pseudos[m[1]]).evaluate(m);=0A= },=0A= operators: {=0A= '=3D': "[@#{1}=3D'#{3}']",=0A= '!=3D': "[@#{1}!=3D'#{3}']",=0A= '^=3D': "[starts-with(@#{1}, '#{3}')]",=0A= '$=3D': "[substring(@#{1}, (string-length(@#{1}) - = string-length('#{3}') + 1))=3D'#{3}']",=0A= '*=3D': "[contains(@#{1}, '#{3}')]",=0A= '~=3D': "[contains(concat(' ', @#{1}, ' '), ' #{3} ')]",=0A= '|=3D': "[contains(concat('-', @#{1}, '-'), '-#{3}-')]"=0A= },=0A= pseudos: {=0A= 'first-child': '[not(preceding-sibling::*)]',=0A= 'last-child': '[not(following-sibling::*)]',=0A= 'only-child': '[not(preceding-sibling::* or = following-sibling::*)]',=0A= 'empty': "[count(*) =3D 0 and (count(text()) =3D 0 or = translate(text(), ' \t\r\n', '') =3D '')]",=0A= 'checked': "[@checked]",=0A= 'disabled': "[@disabled]",=0A= 'enabled': "[not(@disabled)]",=0A= 'not': function(m) {=0A= var e =3D m[6], p =3D Selector.patterns,=0A= x =3D Selector.xpath, le, m, v;=0A= =0A= var exclusion =3D [];=0A= while (e && le !=3D e && (/\S/).test(e)) {=0A= le =3D e;=0A= for (var i in p) {=0A= if (m =3D e.match(p[i])) {=0A= v =3D Object.isFunction(x[i]) ? x[i](m) : new = Template(x[i]).evaluate(m);=0A= exclusion.push("(" + v.substring(1, v.length - 1) + ")");=0A= e =3D e.replace(m[0], '');=0A= break;=0A= }=0A= }=0A= }=0A= return "[not(" + exclusion.join(" and ") + ")]";=0A= },=0A= 'nth-child': function(m) {=0A= return = Selector.xpath.pseudos.nth("(count(./preceding-sibling::*) + 1) ", m);=0A= },=0A= 'nth-last-child': function(m) {=0A= return = Selector.xpath.pseudos.nth("(count(./following-sibling::*) + 1) ", m);=0A= },=0A= 'nth-of-type': function(m) {=0A= return Selector.xpath.pseudos.nth("position() ", m);=0A= },=0A= 'nth-last-of-type': function(m) {=0A= return Selector.xpath.pseudos.nth("(last() + 1 - position()) ", = m);=0A= },=0A= 'first-of-type': function(m) {=0A= m[6] =3D "1"; return Selector.xpath.pseudos['nth-of-type'](m);=0A= },=0A= 'last-of-type': function(m) {=0A= m[6] =3D "1"; return = Selector.xpath.pseudos['nth-last-of-type'](m);=0A= },=0A= 'only-of-type': function(m) {=0A= var p =3D Selector.xpath.pseudos; return p['first-of-type'](m) + = p['last-of-type'](m);=0A= },=0A= nth: function(fragment, m) {=0A= var mm, formula =3D m[6], predicate;=0A= if (formula =3D=3D 'even') formula =3D '2n+0';=0A= if (formula =3D=3D 'odd') formula =3D '2n+1';=0A= if (mm =3D formula.match(/^(\d+)$/)) // digit only=0A= return '[' + fragment + "=3D " + mm[1] + ']';=0A= if (mm =3D formula.match(/^(-?\d*)?n(([+-])(\d+))?/)) { // an+b=0A= if (mm[1] =3D=3D "-") mm[1] =3D -1;=0A= var a =3D mm[1] ? Number(mm[1]) : 1;=0A= var b =3D mm[2] ? Number(mm[2]) : 0;=0A= predicate =3D "[((#{fragment} - #{b}) mod #{a} =3D 0) and " +=0A= "((#{fragment} - #{b}) div #{a} >=3D 0)]";=0A= return new Template(predicate).evaluate({=0A= fragment: fragment, a: a, b: b });=0A= }=0A= }=0A= }=0A= },=0A= =0A= criteria: {=0A= tagName: 'n =3D h.tagName(n, r, "#{1}", c); c =3D false;',=0A= className: 'n =3D h.className(n, r, "#{1}", c); c =3D false;',=0A= id: 'n =3D h.id(n, r, "#{1}", c); c =3D false;',=0A= attrPresence: 'n =3D h.attrPresence(n, r, "#{1}"); c =3D false;',=0A= attr: function(m) {=0A= m[3] =3D (m[5] || m[6]);=0A= return new Template('n =3D h.attr(n, r, "#{1}", "#{3}", "#{2}"); c = =3D false;').evaluate(m);=0A= },=0A= pseudo: function(m) {=0A= if (m[6]) m[6] =3D m[6].replace(/"/g, '\\"');=0A= return new Template('n =3D h.pseudo(n, "#{1}", "#{6}", r, c); c = =3D false;').evaluate(m);=0A= },=0A= descendant: 'c =3D "descendant";',=0A= child: 'c =3D "child";',=0A= adjacent: 'c =3D "adjacent";',=0A= laterSibling: 'c =3D "laterSibling";'=0A= },=0A= =0A= patterns: {=0A= // combinators must be listed first=0A= // (and descendant needs to be last combinator)=0A= laterSibling: /^\s*~\s*/,=0A= child: /^\s*>\s*/,=0A= adjacent: /^\s*\+\s*/,=0A= descendant: /^\s/,=0A= =0A= // selectors follow=0A= tagName: /^\s*(\*|[\w\-]+)(\b|$)?/,=0A= id: /^#([\w\-\*]+)(\b|$)/,=0A= className: /^\.([\w\-\*]+)(\b|$)/,=0A= pseudo: = /^:((first|last|nth|nth-last|only)(-child|-of-type)|empty|checked|(en|dis= )abled|not)($(.*?)$)?(\b|$|(?=3D\s)|(?=3D:))/,=0A= attrPresence: /^\[([\w]+)\]/,=0A= attr: = /\[((?:[\w-]*:)?[\w-]+)\s*(?:([!^$*~|]?=3D)\s*((['"])([^\4]*?)\4|([^'"][^= \]]*?)))?\]/=0A= },=0A= =0A= // for Selector.match and Element#match=0A= assertions: {=0A= tagName: function(element, matches) {=0A= return matches[1].toUpperCase() =3D=3D = element.tagName.toUpperCase();=0A= },=0A= =0A= className: function(element, matches) {=0A= return Element.hasClassName(element, matches[1]);=0A= },=0A= =0A= id: function(element, matches) {=0A= return element.id =3D=3D=3D matches[1];=0A= },=0A= =0A= attrPresence: function(element, matches) {=0A= return Element.hasAttribute(element, matches[1]);=0A= },=0A= =0A= attr: function(element, matches) {=0A= var nodeValue =3D Element.readAttribute(element, matches[1]);=0A= return Selector.operators[matches[2]](nodeValue, matches[3]);=0A= }=0A= },=0A= =0A= handlers: {=0A= // UTILITY FUNCTIONS=0A= // joins two collections=0A= concat: function(a, b) {=0A= for (var i =3D 0, node; node =3D b[i]; i++)=0A= a.push(node);=0A= return a;=0A= },=0A= =0A= // marks an array of nodes for counting=0A= mark: function(nodes) {=0A= for (var i =3D 0, node; node =3D nodes[i]; i++)=0A= node._counted =3D true;=0A= return nodes;=0A= },=0A= =0A= unmark: function(nodes) {=0A= for (var i =3D 0, node; node =3D nodes[i]; i++)=0A= node._counted =3D undefined;=0A= return nodes;=0A= },=0A= =0A= // mark each child node with its position (for nth calls)=0A= // "ofType" flag indicates whether we're indexing for nth-of-type=0A= // rather than nth-child=0A= index: function(parentNode, reverse, ofType) {=0A= parentNode._counted =3D true;=0A= if (reverse) {=0A= for (var nodes =3D parentNode.childNodes, i =3D nodes.length - = 1, j =3D 1; i >=3D 0; i--) {=0A= var node =3D nodes[i];=0A= if (node.nodeType =3D=3D 1 && (!ofType || node._counted)) = node.nodeIndex =3D j++;=0A= }=0A= } else {=0A= for (var i =3D 0, j =3D 1, nodes =3D parentNode.childNodes; node = =3D nodes[i]; i++)=0A= if (node.nodeType =3D=3D 1 && (!ofType || node._counted)) = node.nodeIndex =3D j++;=0A= }=0A= },=0A= =0A= // filters out duplicates and extends all nodes=0A= unique: function(nodes) {=0A= if (nodes.length =3D=3D 0) return nodes;=0A= var results =3D [], n;=0A= for (var i =3D 0, l =3D nodes.length; i < l; i++)=0A= if (!(n =3D nodes[i])._counted) {=0A= n._counted =3D true;=0A= results.push(Element.extend(n));=0A= }=0A= return Selector.handlers.unmark(results);=0A= },=0A= =0A= // COMBINATOR FUNCTIONS=0A= descendant: function(nodes) {=0A= var h =3D Selector.handlers;=0A= for (var i =3D 0, results =3D [], node; node =3D nodes[i]; i++)=0A= h.concat(results, node.getElementsByTagName('*'));=0A= return results;=0A= },=0A= =0A= child: function(nodes) {=0A= var h =3D Selector.handlers;=0A= for (var i =3D 0, results =3D [], node; node =3D nodes[i]; i++) {=0A= for (var j =3D 0, children =3D [], child; child =3D = node.childNodes[j]; j++)=0A= if (child.nodeType =3D=3D 1 && child.tagName !=3D '!') = results.push(child);=0A= }=0A= return results;=0A= },=0A= =0A= adjacent: function(nodes) {=0A= for (var i =3D 0, results =3D [], node; node =3D nodes[i]; i++) {=0A= var next =3D this.nextElementSibling(node);=0A= if (next) results.push(next);=0A= }=0A= return results;=0A= },=0A= =0A= laterSibling: function(nodes) {=0A= var h =3D Selector.handlers;=0A= for (var i =3D 0, results =3D [], node; node =3D nodes[i]; i++)=0A= h.concat(results, Element.nextSiblings(node));=0A= return results;=0A= },=0A= =0A= nextElementSibling: function(node) {=0A= while (node =3D node.nextSibling)=0A= if (node.nodeType =3D=3D 1) return node;=0A= return null;=0A= },=0A= =0A= previousElementSibling: function(node) {=0A= while (node =3D node.previousSibling)=0A= if (node.nodeType =3D=3D 1) return node;=0A= return null;=0A= },=0A= =0A= // TOKEN FUNCTIONS=0A= tagName: function(nodes, root, tagName, combinator) {=0A= tagName =3D tagName.toUpperCase();=0A= var results =3D [], h =3D Selector.handlers;=0A= if (nodes) {=0A= if (combinator) {=0A= // fastlane for ordinary descendant combinators=0A= if (combinator =3D=3D "descendant") {=0A= for (var i =3D 0, node; node =3D nodes[i]; i++)=0A= h.concat(results, node.getElementsByTagName(tagName));=0A= return results;=0A= } else nodes =3D this[combinator](nodes);=0A= if (tagName =3D=3D "*") return nodes;=0A= }=0A= for (var i =3D 0, node; node =3D nodes[i]; i++)=0A= if (node.tagName.toUpperCase() =3D=3D tagName) = results.push(node);=0A= return results;=0A= } else return root.getElementsByTagName(tagName);=0A= },=0A= =0A= id: function(nodes, root, id, combinator) {=0A= var targetNode =3D $(id), h =3D Selector.handlers;=0A= if (!targetNode) return [];=0A= if (!nodes && root =3D=3D document) return [targetNode];=0A= if (nodes) {=0A= if (combinator) {=0A= if (combinator =3D=3D 'child') {=0A= for (var i =3D 0, node; node =3D nodes[i]; i++)=0A= if (targetNode.parentNode =3D=3D node) return [targetNode];=0A= } else if (combinator =3D=3D 'descendant') {=0A= for (var i =3D 0, node; node =3D nodes[i]; i++)=0A= if (Element.descendantOf(targetNode, node)) return = [targetNode];=0A= } else if (combinator =3D=3D 'adjacent') {=0A= for (var i =3D 0, node; node =3D nodes[i]; i++)=0A= if (Selector.handlers.previousElementSibling(targetNode) = =3D=3D node)=0A= return [targetNode];=0A= } else nodes =3D h[combinator](nodes);=0A= }=0A= for (var i =3D 0, node; node =3D nodes[i]; i++)=0A= if (node =3D=3D targetNode) return [targetNode];=0A= return [];=0A= }=0A= return (targetNode && Element.descendantOf(targetNode, root)) ? = [targetNode] : [];=0A= },=0A= =0A= className: function(nodes, root, className, combinator) {=0A= if (nodes && combinator) nodes =3D this[combinator](nodes);=0A= return Selector.handlers.byClassName(nodes, root, className);=0A= },=0A= =0A= byClassName: function(nodes, root, className) {=0A= if (!nodes) nodes =3D Selector.handlers.descendant([root]);=0A= var needle =3D ' ' + className + ' ';=0A= for (var i =3D 0, results =3D [], node, nodeClassName; node =3D = nodes[i]; i++) {=0A= nodeClassName =3D node.className;=0A= if (nodeClassName.length =3D=3D 0) continue;=0A= if (nodeClassName =3D=3D className || (' ' + nodeClassName + ' = ').include(needle))=0A= results.push(node);=0A= }=0A= return results;=0A= },=0A= =0A= attrPresence: function(nodes, root, attr) {=0A= if (!nodes) nodes =3D root.getElementsByTagName("*");=0A= var results =3D [];=0A= for (var i =3D 0, node; node =3D nodes[i]; i++)=0A= if (Element.hasAttribute(node, attr)) results.push(node);=0A= return results;=0A= },=0A= =0A= attr: function(nodes, root, attr, value, operator) {=0A= if (!nodes) nodes =3D root.getElementsByTagName("*");=0A= var handler =3D Selector.operators[operator], results =3D [];=0A= for (var i =3D 0, node; node =3D nodes[i]; i++) {=0A= var nodeValue =3D Element.readAttribute(node, attr);=0A= if (nodeValue =3D=3D=3D null) continue;=0A= if (handler(nodeValue, value)) results.push(node);=0A= }=0A= return results;=0A= },=0A= =0A= pseudo: function(nodes, name, value, root, combinator) {=0A= if (nodes && combinator) nodes =3D this[combinator](nodes);=0A= if (!nodes) nodes =3D root.getElementsByTagName("*");=0A= return Selector.pseudos[name](nodes, value, root);=0A= }=0A= },=0A= =0A= pseudos: {=0A= 'first-child': function(nodes, value, root) {=0A= for (var i =3D 0, results =3D [], node; node =3D nodes[i]; i++) {=0A= if (Selector.handlers.previousElementSibling(node)) continue;=0A= results.push(node);=0A= }=0A= return results;=0A= },=0A= 'last-child': function(nodes, value, root) {=0A= for (var i =3D 0, results =3D [], node; node =3D nodes[i]; i++) {=0A= if (Selector.handlers.nextElementSibling(node)) continue;=0A= results.push(node);=0A= }=0A= return results;=0A= },=0A= 'only-child': function(nodes, value, root) {=0A= var h =3D Selector.handlers;=0A= for (var i =3D 0, results =3D [], node; node =3D nodes[i]; i++)=0A= if (!h.previousElementSibling(node) && = !h.nextElementSibling(node))=0A= results.push(node);=0A= return results;=0A= },=0A= 'nth-child': function(nodes, formula, root) {=0A= return Selector.pseudos.nth(nodes, formula, root);=0A= },=0A= 'nth-last-child': function(nodes, formula, root) {=0A= return Selector.pseudos.nth(nodes, formula, root, true);=0A= },=0A= 'nth-of-type': function(nodes, formula, root) {=0A= return Selector.pseudos.nth(nodes, formula, root, false, true);=0A= },=0A= 'nth-last-of-type': function(nodes, formula, root) {=0A= return Selector.pseudos.nth(nodes, formula, root, true, true);=0A= },=0A= 'first-of-type': function(nodes, formula, root) {=0A= return Selector.pseudos.nth(nodes, "1", root, false, true);=0A= },=0A= 'last-of-type': function(nodes, formula, root) {=0A= return Selector.pseudos.nth(nodes, "1", root, true, true);=0A= },=0A= 'only-of-type': function(nodes, formula, root) {=0A= var p =3D Selector.pseudos;=0A= return p['last-of-type'](p['first-of-type'](nodes, formula, root), = formula, root);=0A= },=0A= =0A= // handles the an+b logic=0A= getIndices: function(a, b, total) {=0A= if (a =3D=3D 0) return b > 0 ? [b] : [];=0A= return $R(1, total).inject([], function(memo, i) {=0A= if (0 =3D=3D (i - b) % a && (i - b) / a >=3D 0) memo.push(i);=0A= return memo;=0A= });=0A= },=0A= =0A= // handles nth(-last)-child, nth(-last)-of-type, and = (first|last)-of-type=0A= nth: function(nodes, formula, root, reverse, ofType) {=0A= if (nodes.length =3D=3D 0) return [];=0A= if (formula =3D=3D 'even') formula =3D '2n+0';=0A= if (formula =3D=3D 'odd') formula =3D '2n+1';=0A= var h =3D Selector.handlers, results =3D [], indexed =3D [], m;=0A= h.mark(nodes);=0A= for (var i =3D 0, node; node =3D nodes[i]; i++) {=0A= if (!node.parentNode._counted) {=0A= h.index(node.parentNode, reverse, ofType);=0A= indexed.push(node.parentNode);=0A= }=0A= }=0A= if (formula.match(/^\d+$/)) { // just a number=0A= formula =3D Number(formula);=0A= for (var i =3D 0, node; node =3D nodes[i]; i++)=0A= if (node.nodeIndex =3D=3D formula) results.push(node);=0A= } else if (m =3D formula.match(/^(-?\d*)?n(([+-])(\d+))?/)) { // = an+b=0A= if (m[1] =3D=3D "-") m[1] =3D -1;=0A= var a =3D m[1] ? Number(m[1]) : 1;=0A= var b =3D m[2] ? Number(m[2]) : 0;=0A= var indices =3D Selector.pseudos.getIndices(a, b, nodes.length);=0A= for (var i =3D 0, node, l =3D indices.length; node =3D nodes[i]; = i++) {=0A= for (var j =3D 0; j < l; j++)=0A= if (node.nodeIndex =3D=3D indices[j]) results.push(node);=0A= }=0A= }=0A= h.unmark(nodes);=0A= h.unmark(indexed);=0A= return results;=0A= },=0A= =0A= 'empty': function(nodes, value, root) {=0A= for (var i =3D 0, results =3D [], node; node =3D nodes[i]; i++) {=0A= // IE treats comments as element nodes=0A= if (node.tagName =3D=3D '!' || (node.firstChild && = !node.innerHTML.match(/^\s*$/))) continue;=0A= results.push(node);=0A= }=0A= return results;=0A= },=0A= =0A= 'not': function(nodes, selector, root) {=0A= var h =3D Selector.handlers, selectorType, m;=0A= var exclusions =3D new Selector(selector).findElements(root);=0A= h.mark(exclusions);=0A= for (var i =3D 0, results =3D [], node; node =3D nodes[i]; i++)=0A= if (!node._counted) results.push(node);=0A= h.unmark(exclusions);=0A= return results;=0A= },=0A= =0A= 'enabled': function(nodes, value, root) {=0A= for (var i =3D 0, results =3D [], node; node =3D nodes[i]; i++)=0A= if (!node.disabled) results.push(node);=0A= return results;=0A= },=0A= =0A= 'disabled': function(nodes, value, root) {=0A= for (var i =3D 0, results =3D [], node; node =3D nodes[i]; i++)=0A= if (node.disabled) results.push(node);=0A= return results;=0A= },=0A= =0A= 'checked': function(nodes, value, root) {=0A= for (var i =3D 0, results =3D [], node; node =3D nodes[i]; i++)=0A= if (node.checked) results.push(node);=0A= return results;=0A= }=0A= },=0A= =0A= operators: {=0A= '=3D': function(nv, v) { return nv =3D=3D v; },=0A= '!=3D': function(nv, v) { return nv !=3D v; },=0A= '^=3D': function(nv, v) { return nv.startsWith(v); },=0A= '$=3D': function(nv, v) { return nv.endsWith(v); },=0A= '*=3D': function(nv, v) { return nv.include(v); },=0A= '~=3D': function(nv, v) { return (' ' + nv + ' ').include(' ' + v + = ' '); },=0A= '|=3D': function(nv, v) { return ('-' + nv.toUpperCase() + = '-').include('-' + v.toUpperCase() + '-'); }=0A= },=0A= =0A= matchElements: function(elements, expression) {=0A= var matches =3D new Selector(expression).findElements(), h =3D = Selector.handlers;=0A= h.mark(matches);=0A= for (var i =3D 0, results =3D [], element; element =3D elements[i]; = i++)=0A= if (element._counted) results.push(element);=0A= h.unmark(matches);=0A= return results;=0A= },=0A= =0A= findElement: function(elements, expression, index) {=0A= if (Object.isNumber(expression)) {=0A= index =3D expression; expression =3D false;=0A= }=0A= return Selector.matchElements(elements, expression || '*')[index || = 0];=0A= },=0A= =0A= findChildElements: function(element, expressions) {=0A= var exprs =3D expressions.join(','), expressions =3D [];=0A= exprs.scan(/(([\w#:.~>+()\s-]+|\*|\[.*?\])+)\s*(,|$)/, function(m) {=0A= expressions.push(m[1].strip());=0A= });=0A= var results =3D [], h =3D Selector.handlers;=0A= for (var i =3D 0, l =3D expressions.length, selector; i < l; i++) {=0A= selector =3D new Selector(expressions[i].strip());=0A= h.concat(results, selector.findElements(element));=0A= }=0A= return (l > 1) ? h.unique(results) : results;=0A= }=0A= });=0A= =0A= function $$() {=0A= return Selector.findChildElements(document, $A(arguments));=0A= }=0A= var Form =3D {=0A= reset: function(form) {=0A= $(form).reset();=0A= return form;=0A= },=0A= =0A= serializeElements: function(elements, options) {=0A= if (typeof options !=3D 'object') options =3D { hash: !!options };=0A= else if (options.hash =3D=3D=3D undefined) options.hash =3D true;=0A= var key, value, submitted =3D false, submit =3D options.submit;=0A= =0A= var data =3D elements.inject({ }, function(result, element) {=0A= if (!element.disabled && element.name) {=0A= key =3D element.name; value =3D $(element).getValue();=0A= if (value !=3D null && (element.type !=3D 'submit' || = (!submitted &&=0A= submit !=3D=3D false && (!submit || key =3D=3D submit) && = (submitted =3D true)))) {=0A= if (key in result) {=0A= // a key is already present; construct an array of values=0A= if (!Object.isArray(result[key])) result[key] =3D = [result[key]];=0A= result[key].push(value);=0A= }=0A= else result[key] =3D value;=0A= }=0A= }=0A= return result;=0A= });=0A= =0A= return options.hash ? data : Object.toQueryString(data);=0A= }=0A= };=0A= =0A= Form.Methods =3D {=0A= serialize: function(form, options) {=0A= return Form.serializeElements(Form.getElements(form), options);=0A= },=0A= =0A= getElements: function(form) {=0A= return $A($(form).getElementsByTagName('*')).inject([],=0A= function(elements, child) {=0A= if (Form.Element.Serializers[child.tagName.toLowerCase()])=0A= elements.push(Element.extend(child));=0A= return elements;=0A= }=0A= );=0A= },=0A= =0A= getInputs: function(form, typeName, name) {=0A= form =3D $(form);=0A= var inputs =3D form.getElementsByTagName('input');=0A= =0A= if (!typeName && !name) return $A(inputs).map(Element.extend);=0A= =0A= for (var i =3D 0, matchingInputs =3D [], length =3D inputs.length; i = < length; i++) {=0A= var input =3D inputs[i];=0A= if ((typeName && input.type !=3D typeName) || (name && input.name = !=3D name))=0A= continue;=0A= matchingInputs.push(Element.extend(input));=0A= }=0A= =0A= return matchingInputs;=0A= },=0A= =0A= disable: function(form) {=0A= form =3D $(form);=0A= Form.getElements(form).invoke('disable');=0A= return form;=0A= },=0A= =0A= enable: function(form) {=0A= form =3D $(form);=0A= Form.getElements(form).invoke('enable');=0A= return form;=0A= },=0A= =0A= findFirstElement: function(form) {=0A= var elements =3D $(form).getElements().findAll(function(element) {=0A= return 'hidden' !=3D element.type && !element.disabled;=0A= });=0A= var firstByIndex =3D elements.findAll(function(element) {=0A= return element.hasAttribute('tabIndex') && element.tabIndex >=3D 0;=0A= }).sortBy(function(element) { return element.tabIndex }).first();=0A= =0A= return firstByIndex ? firstByIndex : elements.find(function(element) = {=0A= return ['input', 'select', = 'textarea'].include(element.tagName.toLowerCase());=0A= });=0A= },=0A= =0A= focusFirstElement: function(form) {=0A= form =3D $(form);=0A= form.findFirstElement().activate();=0A= return form;=0A= },=0A= =0A= request: function(form, options) {=0A= form =3D $(form), options =3D Object.clone(options || { });=0A= =0A= var params =3D options.parameters, action =3D = form.readAttribute('action') || '';=0A= if (action.blank()) action =3D window.location.href;=0A= options.parameters =3D form.serialize(true);=0A= =0A= if (params) {=0A= if (Object.isString(params)) params =3D params.toQueryParams();=0A= Object.extend(options.parameters, params);=0A= }=0A= =0A= if (form.hasAttribute('method') && !options.method)=0A= options.method =3D form.method;=0A= =0A= return new Ajax.Request(action, options);=0A= }=0A= };=0A= =0A= /*-----------------------------------------------------------------------= ---*/=0A= =0A= Form.Element =3D {=0A= focus: function(element) {=0A= $(element).focus();=0A= return element;=0A= },=0A= =0A= select: function(element) {=0A= $(element).select();=0A= return element;=0A= }=0A= };=0A= =0A= Form.Element.Methods =3D {=0A= serialize: function(element) {=0A= element =3D $(element);=0A= if (!element.disabled && element.name) {=0A= var value =3D element.getValue();=0A= if (value !=3D undefined) {=0A= var pair =3D { };=0A= pair[element.name] =3D value;=0A= return Object.toQueryString(pair);=0A= }=0A= }=0A= return '';=0A= },=0A= =0A= getValue: function(element) {=0A= element =3D $(element);=0A= var method =3D element.tagName.toLowerCase();=0A= return Form.Element.Serializers[method](element);=0A= },=0A= =0A= setValue: function(element, value) {=0A= element =3D $(element);=0A= var method =3D element.tagName.toLowerCase();=0A= Form.Element.Serializers[method](element, value);=0A= return element;=0A= },=0A= =0A= clear: function(element) {=0A= $(element).value =3D '';=0A= return element;=0A= },=0A= =0A= present: function(element) {=0A= return $(element).value !=3D '';=0A= },=0A= =0A= activate: function(element) {=0A= element =3D $(element);=0A= try {=0A= element.focus();=0A= if (element.select && (element.tagName.toLowerCase() !=3D 'input' = ||=0A= !['button', 'reset', 'submit'].include(element.type)))=0A= element.select();=0A= } catch (e) { }=0A= return element;=0A= },=0A= =0A= disable: function(element) {=0A= element =3D $(element);=0A= element.blur();=0A= element.disabled =3D true;=0A= return element;=0A= },=0A= =0A= enable: function(element) {=0A= element =3D $(element);=0A= element.disabled =3D false;=0A= return element;=0A= }=0A= };=0A= =0A= /*-----------------------------------------------------------------------= ---*/=0A= =0A= var Field =3D Form.Element;=0A= var $F =3D Form.Element.Methods.getValue;=0A= =0A= /*-----------------------------------------------------------------------= ---*/=0A= =0A= Form.Element.Serializers =3D {=0A= input: function(element, value) {=0A= switch (element.type.toLowerCase()) {=0A= case 'checkbox':=0A= case 'radio':=0A= return Form.Element.Serializers.inputSelector(element, value);=0A= default:=0A= return Form.Element.Serializers.textarea(element, value);=0A= }=0A= },=0A= =0A= inputSelector: function(element, value) {=0A= if (value =3D=3D=3D undefined) return element.checked ? = element.value : null;=0A= else element.checked =3D !!value;=0A= },=0A= =0A= textarea: function(element, value) {=0A= if (value =3D=3D=3D undefined) return element.value;=0A= else element.value =3D value;=0A= },=0A= =0A= select: function(element, index) {=0A= if (index =3D=3D=3D undefined)=0A= return this[element.type =3D=3D 'select-one' ?=0A= 'selectOne' : 'selectMany'](element);=0A= else {=0A= var opt, value, single =3D !Object.isArray(index);=0A= for (var i =3D 0, length =3D element.length; i < length; i++) {=0A= opt =3D element.options[i];=0A= value =3D this.optionValue(opt);=0A= if (single) {=0A= if (value =3D=3D index) {=0A= opt.selected =3D true;=0A= return;=0A= }=0A= }=0A= else opt.selected =3D index.include(value);=0A= }=0A= }=0A= },=0A= =0A= selectOne: function(element) {=0A= var index =3D element.selectedIndex;=0A= return index >=3D 0 ? this.optionValue(element.options[index]) : = null;=0A= },=0A= =0A= selectMany: function(element) {=0A= var values, length =3D element.length;=0A= if (!length) return null;=0A= =0A= for (var i =3D 0, values =3D []; i < length; i++) {=0A= var opt =3D element.options[i];=0A= if (opt.selected) values.push(this.optionValue(opt));=0A= }=0A= return values;=0A= },=0A= =0A= optionValue: function(opt) {=0A= // extend element because hasAttribute may not be native=0A= return Element.extend(opt).hasAttribute('value') ? opt.value : = opt.text;=0A= }=0A= };=0A= =0A= /*-----------------------------------------------------------------------= ---*/=0A= =0A= Abstract.TimedObserver =3D Class.create(PeriodicalExecuter, {=0A= initialize: function($super, element, frequency, callback) {=0A= $super(callback, frequency);=0A= this.element =3D $(element);=0A= this.lastValue =3D this.getValue();=0A= },=0A= =0A= execute: function() {=0A= var value =3D this.getValue();=0A= if (Object.isString(this.lastValue) && Object.isString(value) ?=0A= this.lastValue !=3D value : String(this.lastValue) !=3D = String(value)) {=0A= this.callback(this.element, value);=0A= this.lastValue =3D value;=0A= }=0A= }=0A= });=0A= =0A= Form.Element.Observer =3D Class.create(Abstract.TimedObserver, {=0A= getValue: function() {=0A= return Form.Element.getValue(this.element);=0A= }=0A= });=0A= =0A= Form.Observer =3D Class.create(Abstract.TimedObserver, {=0A= getValue: function() {=0A= return Form.serialize(this.element);=0A= }=0A= });=0A= =0A= /*-----------------------------------------------------------------------= ---*/=0A= =0A= Abstract.EventObserver =3D Class.create({=0A= initialize: function(element, callback) {=0A= this.element =3D $(element);=0A= this.callback =3D callback;=0A= =0A= this.lastValue =3D this.getValue();=0A= if (this.element.tagName.toLowerCase() =3D=3D 'form')=0A= this.registerFormCallbacks();=0A= else=0A= this.registerCallback(this.element);=0A= },=0A= =0A= onElementEvent: function() {=0A= var value =3D this.getValue();=0A= if (this.lastValue !=3D value) {=0A= this.callback(this.element, value);=0A= this.lastValue =3D value;=0A= }=0A= },=0A= =0A= registerFormCallbacks: function() {=0A= Form.getElements(this.element).each(this.registerCallback, this);=0A= },=0A= =0A= registerCallback: function(element) {=0A= if (element.type) {=0A= switch (element.type.toLowerCase()) {=0A= case 'checkbox':=0A= case 'radio':=0A= Event.observe(element, 'click', = this.onElementEvent.bind(this));=0A= break;=0A= default:=0A= Event.observe(element, 'change', = this.onElementEvent.bind(this));=0A= break;=0A= }=0A= }=0A= }=0A= });=0A= =0A= Form.Element.EventObserver =3D Class.create(Abstract.EventObserver, {=0A= getValue: function() {=0A= return Form.Element.getValue(this.element);=0A= }=0A= });=0A= =0A= Form.EventObserver =3D Class.create(Abstract.EventObserver, {=0A= getValue: function() {=0A= return Form.serialize(this.element);=0A= }=0A= });=0A= if (!window.Event) var Event =3D { };=0A= =0A= Object.extend(Event, {=0A= KEY_BACKSPACE: 8,=0A= KEY_TAB: 9,=0A= KEY_RETURN: 13,=0A= KEY_ESC: 27,=0A= KEY_LEFT: 37,=0A= KEY_UP: 38,=0A= KEY_RIGHT: 39,=0A= KEY_DOWN: 40,=0A= KEY_DELETE: 46,=0A= KEY_HOME: 36,=0A= KEY_END: 35,=0A= KEY_PAGEUP: 33,=0A= KEY_PAGEDOWN: 34,=0A= KEY_INSERT: 45,=0A= =0A= cache: { },=0A= =0A= relatedTarget: function(event) {=0A= var element;=0A= switch(event.type) {=0A= case 'mouseover': element =3D event.fromElement; break;=0A= case 'mouseout': element =3D event.toElement; break;=0A= default: return null;=0A= }=0A= return Element.extend(element);=0A= }=0A= });=0A= =0A= Event.Methods =3D (function() {=0A= var isButton;=0A= =0A= if (Prototype.Browser.IE) {=0A= var buttonMap =3D { 0: 1, 1: 4, 2: 2 };=0A= isButton =3D function(event, code) {=0A= return event.button =3D=3D buttonMap[code];=0A= };=0A= =0A= } else if (Prototype.Browser.WebKit) {=0A= isButton =3D function(event, code) {=0A= switch (code) {=0A= case 0: return event.which =3D=3D 1 && !event.metaKey;=0A= case 1: return event.which =3D=3D 1 && event.metaKey;=0A= default: return false;=0A= }=0A= };=0A= =0A= } else {=0A= isButton =3D function(event, code) {=0A= return event.which ? (event.which =3D=3D=3D code + 1) : = (event.button =3D=3D=3D code);=0A= };=0A= }=0A= =0A= return {=0A= isLeftClick: function(event) { return isButton(event, 0) },=0A= isMiddleClick: function(event) { return isButton(event, 1) },=0A= isRightClick: function(event) { return isButton(event, 2) },=0A= =0A= element: function(event) {=0A= var node =3D Event.extend(event).target;=0A= return Element.extend(node.nodeType =3D=3D Node.TEXT_NODE ? = node.parentNode : node);=0A= },=0A= =0A= findElement: function(event, expression) {=0A= var element =3D Event.element(event);=0A= return element.match(expression) ? element : = element.up(expression);=0A= },=0A= =0A= pointer: function(event) {=0A= return {=0A= x: event.pageX || (event.clientX +=0A= (document.documentElement.scrollLeft || = document.body.scrollLeft)),=0A= y: event.pageY || (event.clientY +=0A= (document.documentElement.scrollTop || = document.body.scrollTop))=0A= };=0A= },=0A= =0A= pointerX: function(event) { return Event.pointer(event).x },=0A= pointerY: function(event) { return Event.pointer(event).y },=0A= =0A= stop: function(event) {=0A= Event.extend(event);=0A= event.preventDefault();=0A= event.stopPropagation();=0A= event.stopped =3D true;=0A= }=0A= };=0A= })();=0A= =0A= Event.extend =3D (function() {=0A= var methods =3D Object.keys(Event.Methods).inject({ }, function(m, = name) {=0A= m[name] =3D Event.Methods[name].methodize();=0A= return m;=0A= });=0A= =0A= if (Prototype.Browser.IE) {=0A= Object.extend(methods, {=0A= stopPropagation: function() { this.cancelBubble =3D true },=0A= preventDefault: function() { this.returnValue =3D false },=0A= inspect: function() { return "[object Event]" }=0A= });=0A= =0A= return function(event) {=0A= if (!event) return false;=0A= if (event._extendedByPrototype) return event;=0A= =0A= event._extendedByPrototype =3D Prototype.emptyFunction;=0A= var pointer =3D Event.pointer(event);=0A= Object.extend(event, {=0A= target: event.srcElement,=0A= relatedTarget: Event.relatedTarget(event),=0A= pageX: pointer.x,=0A= pageY: pointer.y=0A= });=0A= return Object.extend(event, methods);=0A= };=0A= =0A= } else {=0A= Event.prototype =3D Event.prototype || = document.createEvent("HTMLEvents").__proto__;=0A= Object.extend(Event.prototype, methods);=0A= return Prototype.K;=0A= }=0A= })();=0A= =0A= Object.extend(Event, (function() {=0A= var cache =3D Event.cache;=0A= =0A= function getEventID(element) {=0A= if (element._eventID) return element._eventID;=0A= arguments.callee.id =3D arguments.callee.id || 1;=0A= return element._eventID =3D ++arguments.callee.id;=0A= }=0A= =0A= function getDOMEventName(eventName) {=0A= if (eventName && eventName.include(':')) return "dataavailable";=0A= return eventName;=0A= }=0A= =0A= function getCacheForID(id) {=0A= return cache[id] =3D cache[id] || { };=0A= }=0A= =0A= function getWrappersForEventName(id, eventName) {=0A= var c =3D getCacheForID(id);=0A= return c[eventName] =3D c[eventName] || [];=0A= }=0A= =0A= function createWrapper(element, eventName, handler) {=0A= var id =3D getEventID(element);=0A= var c =3D getWrappersForEventName(id, eventName);=0A= if (c.pluck("handler").include(handler)) return false;=0A= =0A= var wrapper =3D function(event) {=0A= if (!Event || !Event.extend ||=0A= (event.eventName && event.eventName !=3D eventName))=0A= return false;=0A= =0A= Event.extend(event);=0A= handler.call(element, event)=0A= };=0A= =0A= wrapper.handler =3D handler;=0A= c.push(wrapper);=0A= return wrapper;=0A= }=0A= =0A= function findWrapper(id, eventName, handler) {=0A= var c =3D getWrappersForEventName(id, eventName);=0A= return c.find(function(wrapper) { return wrapper.handler =3D=3D = handler });=0A= }=0A= =0A= function destroyWrapper(id, eventName, handler) {=0A= var c =3D getCacheForID(id);=0A= if (!c[eventName]) return false;=0A= c[eventName] =3D c[eventName].without(findWrapper(id, eventName, = handler));=0A= }=0A= =0A= function destroyCache() {=0A= for (var id in cache)=0A= for (var eventName in cache[id])=0A= cache[id][eventName] =3D null;=0A= }=0A= =0A= if (window.attachEvent) {=0A= window.attachEvent("onunload", destroyCache);=0A= }=0A= =0A= return {=0A= observe: function(element, eventName, handler) {=0A= element =3D $(element);=0A= var name =3D getDOMEventName(eventName);=0A= =0A= var wrapper =3D createWrapper(element, eventName, handler);=0A= if (!wrapper) return element;=0A= =0A= if (element.addEventListener) {=0A= element.addEventListener(name, wrapper, false);=0A= } else {=0A= element.attachEvent("on" + name, wrapper);=0A= }=0A= =0A= return element;=0A= },=0A= =0A= stopObserving: function(element, eventName, handler) {=0A= element =3D $(element);=0A= var id =3D getEventID(element), name =3D = getDOMEventName(eventName);=0A= =0A= if (!handler && eventName) {=0A= getWrappersForEventName(id, eventName).each(function(wrapper) {=0A= element.stopObserving(eventName, wrapper.handler);=0A= });=0A= return element;=0A= =0A= } else if (!eventName) {=0A= Object.keys(getCacheForID(id)).each(function(eventName) {=0A= element.stopObserving(eventName);=0A= });=0A= return element;=0A= }=0A= =0A= var wrapper =3D findWrapper(id, eventName, handler);=0A= if (!wrapper) return element;=0A= =0A= if (element.removeEventListener) {=0A= element.removeEventListener(name, wrapper, false);=0A= } else {=0A= element.detachEvent("on" + name, wrapper);=0A= }=0A= =0A= destroyWrapper(id, eventName, handler);=0A= =0A= return element;=0A= },=0A= =0A= fire: function(element, eventName, memo) {=0A= element =3D $(element);=0A= if (element =3D=3D document && document.createEvent && = !element.dispatchEvent)=0A= element =3D document.documentElement;=0A= =0A= if (document.createEvent) {=0A= var event =3D document.createEvent("HTMLEvents");=0A= event.initEvent("dataavailable", true, true);=0A= } else {=0A= var event =3D document.createEventObject();=0A= event.eventType =3D "ondataavailable";=0A= }=0A= =0A= event.eventName =3D eventName;=0A= event.memo =3D memo || { };=0A= =0A= if (document.createEvent) {=0A= element.dispatchEvent(event);=0A= } else {=0A= element.fireEvent(event.eventType, event);=0A= }=0A= =0A= return event;=0A= }=0A= };=0A= })());=0A= =0A= Object.extend(Event, Event.Methods);=0A= =0A= Element.addMethods({=0A= fire: Event.fire,=0A= observe: Event.observe,=0A= stopObserving: Event.stopObserving=0A= });=0A= =0A= Object.extend(document, {=0A= fire: Element.Methods.fire.methodize(),=0A= observe: Element.Methods.observe.methodize(),=0A= stopObserving: Element.Methods.stopObserving.methodize()=0A= });=0A= =0A= (function() {=0A= /* Support for the DOMContentLoaded event is based on work by Dan Webb,=0A= Matthias Miller, Dean Edwards and John Resig. */=0A= =0A= var timer, fired =3D false;=0A= =0A= function fireContentLoadedEvent() {=0A= if (fired) return;=0A= if (timer) window.clearInterval(timer);=0A= document.fire("dom:loaded");=0A= fired =3D true;=0A= }=0A= =0A= if (document.addEventListener) {=0A= if (Prototype.Browser.WebKit) {=0A= timer =3D window.setInterval(function() {=0A= if (/loaded|complete/.test(document.readyState))=0A= fireContentLoadedEvent();=0A= }, 0);=0A= =0A= Event.observe(window, "load", fireContentLoadedEvent);=0A= =0A= } else {=0A= document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",=0A= fireContentLoadedEvent, false);=0A= }=0A= =0A= } else {=0A= document.write("